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\begin{document}

\title{Contribution of locally tangential CMB-mantle flow and cold-source
subducting plates to ULVZ formation and morphology}



\author[1]{Jie Xin}%
\author[1]{Huai Zhang}%
\author[2]{Yaolin Shi}%
\author[3]{Felipe Orellana-Rovirosa}%
\author[4]{Zhen Zhang}%
\author[5]{Yimin Jin}%
\affil[1]{University of Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{University of Chinese Academy of Science}%
\affil[3]{Southern University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[4]{Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration}%
\affil[5]{Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) above the core-mantle boundary (CMB)
are significant structures that connect the lowermost mantle and outer
core. As ``thin patches'' of dramatically low seismic-wave velocity,
they are occasionally found near the base of mantle plumes and
in-or-near high seismic-wave speed regions above the CMB. The causes of
their morphological distribution and geodynamics remain unclear, and
simulation results of high-density melts diverge from seismic
observations. We introduced a two-dimensional time-dependent Stokes
two-phase flow (with melt migration) numerical model to investigate the
formation and morphological characteristics of ULVZs caused by
CMB-mantle tangential flows and a neighboring cold source (subducted
plate). We discovered that (a) the participation of cold sources with
temperature differences between \textasciitilde{}4000 K at the plume
central regions to \textless{}\textasciitilde{}3900 K at the
plume-cooling mantle region, separated by horizontal distances of
approximately 100 (\selectlanguage{ngerman}±\textless{}50) km are necessary for the stable
existence of dense melts with mass-density difference
\textgreater{}+1--2\% (even +10\%) with respect to the surrounding
mantle; additionally, (b) an enhanced tangential flow coincident with
the internal reverse circulation within the broad plume base (with
speeds \textgreater{}3 times the lowermost-mantle characteristic flow
speed) are necessary for higher aspect-ratio-morphology lenses
compatible with seismic observations. The CMB-mantle tangential flow
and/or outer-core interacting with CMB-topography may help generate
mega-ULVZs, particularly if they appear along the edges of large
low-shear-wave-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) and in/near high
seismic-speed ``cold'' zones. Thus, we infer that a strong link exists
between ULVZ morphology and the dynamic environment of the lowermost
mantle and uppermost outer core.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`979226_0_supp_11582248_s3zxyl.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/557382/articles/686759-contribution-of-locally-tangential-cmb-mantle-flow-and-cold-source-subducting-plates-to-ulvz-formation-and-morphology}

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