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\begin{document}

\title{Disentangling Carbon Concentration Changes Along Pathways of North
Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water}



\author[1]{Daan Reijnders}%
\author[2]{Dorothee C. E. Bakker}%
\author[1]{Erik Van Sebille}%
\affil[1]{Utrecht University}%
\affil[2]{University of East Anglia}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water (NASTMW) serves as a major conduit
for dissolved carbon to penetrate into the ocean interior by its
wintertime outcropping events. Prior research on NASTMW has concentrated
on its physical formation and destruction, as well as Lagrangian
pathways and timescales of water into and out of NASTMW. In this study,
we examine how dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations are
modified along Lagrangian pathways of NASTMW on subannual timescales. We
introduce Lagrangian parcels into a physical-biogeochemical model and
release these parcels annually over two decades. For different pathways
into, out of, and within NASTMW, we calculate changes in DIC
concentrations along the path (\selectlanguage{greek}Δ\selectlanguage{english}DIC), distinguishing contributions from
vertical mixing and biogeochemical processes. While the mean \selectlanguage{greek}Δ\selectlanguage{english}DIC for
parcels that persist within NASTMW in one year is relatively small at +6
\selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol/L, this masks underlying dynamics: individual parcels undergo
interspersed DIC depletion and enrichment, spanning several timescales
and magnitudes. The strongest \selectlanguage{greek}Δ\selectlanguage{english}DIC is during subduction of water parcels
(+101 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol/L ~in one year), followed by transport out of NASTMW due to
increases in density in water parcels (+10 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol/L). Most DIC enrichment
and depletion regimes span timescales of weeks, related to phytoplankton
blooms. However, mixing and biogeochemical processes often oppose one
another at short timescales, so the largest net DIC changes occur at
timescales of more than 30 days. Our new Lagrangian approach complements
bulk Eulerian approaches, which average out this underlying complexity,
and is relevant to other biogeochemical studies, for example on marine
carbon dioxide removal.%
\end{abstract}%



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