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\begin{document}

\title{}



\author[1]{Arnab Roy}%
\author[1]{Dip Ghosh}%
\author[1]{Nibir Mandal}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Mantle plumes arising from deep sources in the Earth are thought to have
played a critical role in determining the planetary geodynamics. The
plumes originate mostly from gravitational or thermochemical
instabilities at the core-mantle boundary, triggered by density
fluctuations due to thermal or chemical variations. Understanding the
initiation mechanics of such instabilities is key to comprehending the
formation of these deep-mantle plumes, reflected from hotspots scattered
around the globe. Previous studies have explained their growth within a
theoretical framework of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities. However, a
critical aspect that has been largely overlooked is the potential
influence of layer-parallel global flows on the dynamics and initiation
processes of instabilities. The present study combines 2D finite element
particle-in-cell numerical simulations with a linear stability analysis
to show the impact of global flows on the growth kinematics of RT
instabilities in a thermal boundary layer at the core-mantle boundary.
The simulation results indicate that the global flow acts as a counter
factor to dampen their growth rates. At a threshold global flow velocity
the dampening effects completely suppress the instabilities, allowing
the entire system to advect in the horizontal direction. The stability
analysis also predicts a non-linear increase in the instability
wavelength with increasing global flow velocity. These new findings
imply that the spatial frequency of plumes can drop remarkably in
kinematically active regions of Earth's mantle. This study finally
offers a possible explanation for unusually large spacing between major
hotspots in the light of instability mechanics under global flows.%
\end{abstract}%



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