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\begin{document}

\title{Heterogeneity of Subsurface Pore Distribution: Characterization based on
Pressure and Tracer Responses to Identify Undiscovered Permeable
Structures in Reservoirs}



\author[1]{Mitsuo Matsumoto}%
\author[2]{Kazuki Sawayama}%
\affil[1]{Kyushu University}%
\affil[2]{Kyoto University}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Pressure transient and tracer testing are conventional methods employed
to investigate physical properties associated with fluid flow and/or
storage in subsurface reservoirs or aquifers. These methods have been
adopted independently to investigate from different physical aspects.
Here, to quantify the heterogeneity of pore distributions containing
subsurface fluid, a novel concept, which combines the pressure and
tracer concentration responses obtained during pressure transient and
tracer tests, respectively, has been proposed and validated. Herein, the
key parameter is the difference between the apertures of the equivalent
planar fractures estimated from the pressure and tracer concentration
responses. In particular, this difference is attributed to the fact that
the pressure and tracer concentration responses obey different physical
mechanisms, diffusion and advection--dispersion problems, respectively,
that generate dissimilar responses to the heterogeneity of pore
distribution. The concept was successfully validated using laboratory
experiments and reservoir simulations conducted at multiple scales. As
observed, the apparent pore volume estimated from the pressure responses
tended to be larger than the actual value owing to the delay in pressure
responses during propagation through the pore. By quantifying the
existence of undiscovered permeable structures in a reservoir simulation
model, the proposed concept provides an insightful guide for successful
decision-making in explorational and developmental geothermal projects.
Furthermore, the concept provides a scale for assessing the accuracy of
a reservoir simulation model in expressing an actual heterogeneous
permeable structure.%
\end{abstract}%



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