Literature Cited
Adkisson C. S. and R. N. Conner. 1978. Interspecific vocal
imitation in White-eyed Vireos. The Auk 95: 602–606.
Amos, E. 1991. A guide to the birds of Bermuda. Warwick,
Bermuda.
Bangs, O. and T. S. Bradley. 1901. The resident land birds of
Bermuda. The Auk 18: 249–257.
Bates, D., M. Mächler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker. 2015. Fitting
linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software
67: 1–48.
Barker, N. K. and D. J. Mennill. 2009. Song perch height in
Rufous‐and‐White Wrens: does behaviour enhance effective communication
in a tropical forest? Ethology 115: 897–904.
Beck, M. J. and T. L. George. 2000. Song post and foraging site
characteristics of breeding Varied Thrushes in northwestern California.
The Condor 102: 93–103.
Bolsinger, J. S. 2000. Use of two song categories by
Golden-cheeked Warblers. The Condor 102: 539–552.
Borror, D. J. 1987. Song in the White-eyed Vireo. The Wilson
Bulletin 99: 377–397.
Bradley, R. A. 1980. Vocal and territorial behavior in the
White-eyed Vireo. The Wilson Bulletin 92: 302-311.
Bradley, R. A. 1981. Song variation within a population of
White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus). The Auk, 98: 80–87.
Brunner, P. and Pasinelli, G. 2010. Variation in singing style
use in the reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus : influencing factors
and possible functions. Journal of Avian Biology 41: 388–397.
Burhans, D. E., D. Dearborn, F. R. Thompson III, and J.
Faaborg. 2002. Factors affecting predation at songbird nests in old
fields. Journal of Wildlife Management 66: 240–249.
Campos, D. P., L. A. Bander, A. Raksi, and D. T. Blumstein.2009. Perch exposure and predation risk: a comparative study in
passerines. Acta Ethologica 12: 93.
Castrale, J. S. 1983. Selection of song perches by
sagebrush-grassland birds. The Wilson Bulletin 95: 647–655.
Catchpole, C. K. and Slater, P. J. 2003. Bird song: biological
themes and variations. Cambridge University Press.
Chiver, I., E. S. Morton, and B. J. Stutchbury . 2007.
Incubation delays territory defense by male blue-headed vireos,Vireo solitarius . Animal Behavior 73: 143–148.
Dabelsteen, T. and N. Mathevon. 2002. Why do songbirds sing
intensively at dawn? Acta Ethologica 4: 65–72.
Demko, A. D., L. R. Reitsma, and C. A. Staicer. 2013. Two song
categories in the Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis ). The Auk
130: 609–616.
Dolan, A., K. Sexton, L. Redmond, and M. Murphy . 2007. Dawn
song of Eastern Kingbirds: intrapopulation variability and
sociobiological correlates. Behaviour 144: 1273–1295.
Duncan, W. J. and P. A. Bednekoff. 2006. Singing in the shade:
song and song posts of Northern Cardinals near nesting Cooper’s hawks.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 916–919.
Ellison, A. M. and R. Ydenberg. 2019. Risk allocation: acute
and chronic predator exposure have contrasting effects on Song Sparrow
(Melospiza melodia ) singing behaviour. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 97: 258–266.
Ficken, M. S. and R. W. Ficken. 1962. The comparative ethology
of the wood warblers: A review. Living Bird 1: 103–122.
Foote, J. R., L. P. Fitzsimmons, L. M. Lobert, L. M. Ratcliffe,
and D. J. Mennill . 2017. A population-level analysis of morning song:
exploring the implications for point counts. Canadian Field-Naturalist
131: 10–18.
Fox, J. and S. Weisberg . 2019. An R Companion to Applied
Regression, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. URL:
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/
Gomez-Montes, C., and M. I. Moreno. 2008. Breeding phenology
and nesting habitat characterisation of the San Andres Vireo
(Vireo caribaeus ). Bird Conservation International 18: 319–330.
Graber, J. W. 1961. Distribution, habitat requirements, and
life history of the Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla ).
Ecological Monographs 31: 313–336.
Greig-Smith, P. W. 1983. Use of perches as vantage points
during foraging by male and female Stonechats Saxicola torquata .
Behaviour 86: 215–236.
Guilfoyle, M. P., R. A. Fischer, and J. S. Wakeley. 2002. Perch
characteristics of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens ) in
southern bottomland hardwood forests. Southeastern Naturalist 1:
353–364.
Haff, T. M., A. G. Horn, M. L. Leonard, and R. D. Magrath.2015. Conspicuous calling near cryptic nests: a review of hypotheses and
a field study on white‐browed scrubwrens Journal of Avian Biology 46:
289–302.
Hallworth, M., A. Ueland, E. Anderson, J. D. Lambert, and L.
Reitsma. 2008. Habitat selection and site fidelity of Canada Warblers
(Wilsonia canadensis ) in central New Hampshire. The Auk 125:
880–888.
Hartig, F. 2020. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical
(Multi-Level / Mixed) Regression Models. R package version 0.3.3.0.http://florianhartig.github.io/DHARMa/.
Hayes, J. P., J. R. Probst, and D. Rakstad. 1986. Effect of
mating status and time of day on Kirtland’s Warbler song rates. The
Condor 88: 386–388.
Hedley, R. W. 2016. Composition and sequential organization of
song repertoires in Cassin’s Vireo (Vireo cassinii ). Journal of
Ornithology. 157: 13–22.
Howes-Jones, D. 1985. Relationships among song activity,
context, and social behavior in the Warbling Vireo. The Wilson Bulletin
97: 4–20.
James, R. D. 1978. Pairing and nest site selection in Solitary
and Yellow-throated vireos with a description of a ritualized nest
building display. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56: 1163–1169.
James, R. D. 1984. Structure, frequency of usage, and apparent
learning in the primary song of the Yellow-throated Vireo, with
comparative notes on Solitary Vireos (Aves: Vireonidae). Canadian
Journal of Zoology 62: 468–472.
James, R. D. 1999. Yellow-throated and Blue-headed Vireos in
Ontario: 5. Nestling period, and post-nesting activities. Ontario Birds
17: 14–21.
Janes, S. W., L. Ryker, and R. M. Ryan. 2017. Yellow-rumped
Warblers use two song categories: each male tends to use a unique song
in each category in Southern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 98: 1–7.
Krebs, J. R. 1977. Song and territory in the great tit. Pages
47-62 in: Evolutionary ecology (Stonehouse B, Perrins CM, Eds),
Macmillan, London.
Kroodsma, D. E. 1984. Songs of the Alder Flycatcher
(Empidonax alnorum ) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax
traillii ) are innate. The Auk 101: 13–24.
Kulaszewicz I. and D. Jakubas. 2015. Factors affecting
post-breeding moult in the Savi’s Warbler Locustella luscinioidesin northern Poland. Ardea. 103: 61–68.
Lawrence, L. D. K. 1953. Nesting life and behavior of the
Red-eyed Vireo. Canadian Field-Naturalist 67: 47–77.
Liu, W. C. 2004. The effect of neighbours and females on dawn
and daytime singing behaviours by male Chipping Sparrows. Animal
Behavior 68: 39–44.
Liu, W. C. and D. E. Kroodsma. 2007. Dawn and daytime singing
behavior of chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina ). The Auk 124:
44–52.
Lenth R. V. 2021. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka
Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.5.4.
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
MacDonald, G. J. and K. Islam. 2021. Do social factors explain
seasonal variation in dawn song characteristics of paired male Cerulean
Warblers (Setophaga cerulea )? Bioacoustics 30: 1–16.
Mathevon, N., T. Dabelsteen, and S. H. Blumenrath. 2005. Are
high perches in the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla song or listening
posts? A sound transmission study. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 117: 442–449.
McDonald, P. G., D. R. Wilson, and C. S. Evans. 2009. Nestling
begging increases predation risk, regardless of spectral characteristics
or avian mobbing. Behavioral Ecology 20: 821–829.
Mejías, M. A. 2021. Management Plan for the Bermuda White-eyed
Vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus ). Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Government of Bermuda. 1–36.https://environment.bm/species-recovery-plans.
Mejías, M. A. and A. J. Mejías. 2020. Mass fallout and stopover
duration of migratory Blackpoll Warblers (Setophaga striata ) in
Bermuda after Hurricane Nicole. Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 33:
15–21.
Mejías, M. A. and E. Nol . 2020. Woodland size and vegetation
effects on resident and non-resident woodland birds in Bermuda. Journal
of Caribbean Ornithology 33: 22–32.
Mejías, M. A., J. Roncal, T. S. Imfeld, S. Boisen, and D. R.
Wilson. 2020. Relationships of song structure to phylogenetic history,
habitat, and morphology in the vireos, greenlets, and allies
(Passeriformes: Vireonidae). Evolution 74: 2494-2511.
Mejías, M. A., J. Roncal, and D. R. Wilson. 2021. Territorial
responses of male Bermuda White‐eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus subsp.
bermudianus ) reflect phylogenetic similarity of intruders and acoustic
similarity of their songs. Journal of Field Ornithology 92: 431–449.
Mennill, D., T. Dabelsteen, and N. Barker. 2009. Degradation of
male and female Rufous-and-white Wren songs in a tropical forest:
effects of sex, perch height, and habitat. Behaviour 146: 1093–1122.
Moran, I. G., K. C. Lukianchuk, S. Doucet, A. E. Newman, H.
Williams, D. R. Norris, and D. J. Mennill. 2019. Diel and seasonal
patterns of variation in the singing behaviour of Savannah Sparrows
(Passerculus sandwichensis ). Avian Research 10: 1–8.
Morton, M. L., K. W. Sockman, and L. E. Peterson. 1993. Nest
predation in the Mountain White-crowned Sparrow. Condor 95: 72–82.
Nice, M. M. 1930. A study of a nesting of Black-throated Blue
Warblers. The Auk 47: 338–345.
Nolan, V. 1960. Breeding behavior of the Bell Vireo in southern
Indiana. The Condor 62: 225–244.
Nolan, V. 1962. The swaying display of the Red-eyed and other
vireos. The Condor 64: 273–276.
Nowicki, S., S. Peters, and J. Podos. 1998. Song learning,
early nutrition and sexual selection in songbirds. American Zoologist
38: 179–190.
Petit, K. E., D. R. Petit, and L. J. Petit. 1988. On measuring
vegetation characteristics of bird territories: nest sites vs. perch
sites and the effect of plot size. The American Midland Naturalist 119:
209–215.Podos, J. and H. C. Sung. 2020. Vocal performance in songbirds:
From mechanisms to evolution. In The neuroethology of birdsong (pp.
245-268). Springer, Cham.
Podos, J. and H. C. Sung. 2020. Vocal performance in songbirds:
From mechanisms to evolution. In The neuroethology of birdsong (pp.
245-268). Springer, Cham.
Powlesland, R. G.1983. Seasonal and diurnal variation in vocal behaviour of the South
Island Robin. New Zealand Journal of Ornithology 10: 225–232.
Ricklefs, R. E. 1969. An analysis of nesting mortality in
birds. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 9:1–48.
Robinson, S. K. 1981. Ecological relations and social
interactions of Philadelphia and Red-eyed vireos. The Condor 83: 16–26.
Rodenhouse, N. L. and L. B. Best. 1983. Breeding ecology of
vesper sparrows in corn and soybean fields. American Midland Naturalist
110: 265–275.
Rohwer, V. G., S. Rohwer, and M. F. Ortiz-Ramirez. 2009. Molt
biology of resident and migrant birds of the monsoon region of west
Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical 20: 565–584.
Rose, E. M., N. H. Prior, and G. F. Ball. 2022. The singing
question: re‐conceptualizing birdsong. Biological Reviews 97: 326-342.
Slagsvold, T. 1984. Clutch size variation of birds in relation
to nest predation: on the cost of reproduction. Journal of Animal
Ecology 53: 945–953.
Sockman, K. W., K. B. Sewall, G. F. Ball, and T. P. Hahn. 2005.
Economy of mate attraction in the Cassin’s Finch. Biology Letters 1:
34–37.
Sprau, P., T. Roth, M. Naguib, and V. Amrhein. 2012.
Communication in the third dimension: song perch height of rivals
affects singing response in nightingales. PLoS One 7: e32194.
Spector, D. A. 1991. The singing behaviour of Yellow Warblers.
Behaviour 117: 29–52.
Spector, D. A. 1992. Wood-warbler song systems. A review of
paruline singing behaviors. In: Current ornithology, vol. 9. D. M.
Power, ed. Boston (MA): Springer US; p. 199–238.
Staicer, C. A. 1989. Characteristics, use, and significance of
two singing behaviors in Grace’s Warbler (Dendroica graciae ). The
Auk 106: 49–63.
Staicer, C.A., D. A. Spector, and A. G. Horn. 1996. The dawn
chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. In: Ecology and
evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Kroodsma, D. E., Miller,
E. H., eds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY pp 426–453.
Staicer, C. A., V. Ingalls, and T. W. Sherry. 2006. Singing
behavior varies with breeding status of American Redstarts
(Setophaga ruticilla ). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118:
439–451.
Szymkowiak, J. and L. Kuczyński. 2017. Song rate as a signal of
male aggressiveness during territorial contests in the wood warbler.
Journal of Avian Biology 48: 275–283.
Tobias, J. A., C. Sheard, N. Seddon, A. Meade, A. J. Cotton, and
S. Nakagawa. 2016. Territoriality, social bonds, and the evolution of
communal signaling in birds. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 4: 74.
Verhulst, S. and J. A. Nilsson. 2008. The timing of birds’
breeding seasons: a review of experiments that manipulated timing of
breeding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363:
399–410.
Verrill, A. E. 1902. The Bermuda Islands. An Account of their
Scenery, Climate, Productions, Physiography, Natural History and
Geology, with Sketches of their Discovery and Early History, and the
Changes in their Flora and Fauna Due to Man. Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Scienc-es, Vol. XI, Part II. Connecticut
Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT.
Wheeldon, A., P. Szymański, and T. S. Osiejuk. 2021.
Yellow‐breasted Boubous (Laniarius atroflavus ) jointly defend
territories with male‐led duets against stranger pairs, males and
females. Ethology 127: 176–186.
Wilson, D. M. and J. Bart. 1985. Reliability of singing bird
surveys: effects of song phenology during the breeding season. The
Condor 87: 69–73.
Table 1. Heights of song perches used by male Bermuda Vireos
during the non-breeding season (N = 11 males) and during the
breeding season (N = 12) when males had no nesting duties or were
engaged in nesting duties (nest building, incubation, nestling care, or
fledgling care). Shown for each male are the mean ± SD, minimum−maximum
perch heights observed, the sample size, and the heights and species of
the two tallest trees in his territory. Values in bold indicate the
heights of native trees. The asterisk next to one male is to highlight
that his maximum song perch height is higher than the tallest trees in
his territory; this occurred because maximum tree height was measured
after a severe hurricane that destroyed the tallest trees in his
territory, whereas song perch height was measured before the hurricane.