Figure 2. Waveforms and spectrograms depicting the two song types of male Bermuda Vireos: discrete song (top right panels) and rambling song (bottom panels). The discrete song is short (ca. 1 s) and comprises highly modulated elements, including chips, buzzes, and whistles delivered in a fixed sequence; males repeat the same sequence several times before switching to another distinct discrete song variant in their repertoire (Bradley 1980). The rambling song is a long (up to ca. 10 s) warble comprising discrete song elements and harsh, scolding elements delivered in an unpredictable sequence (Bradley 1980). Spectrograms were created using a Hamming window, 512-point fast Fourier transform, and 87.5% overlap. Frequency is shown in kilohertz (kHz), amplitude in kilounits (kU; these are the digitized sample values in the signal and are proportional to the sound pressure at the microphone during recording), and time in seconds (Sec). Photograph by Richard Brewer.