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\begin{document}

\title{Observation and parameterization of bottom shear stress and sediment
resuspension in a large shallow lake}



\author[1]{Shuqi Lin}%
\author[2]{Leon Boegman}%
\author[3]{Aidin Jabbari}%
\author[1]{Reza Valipour}%
\author[4]{Yingming Zhao}%
\affil[1]{Environment and Climate Change Canada}%
\affil[2]{Queen's University}%
\affil[3]{Bedford Institute of Oceanography}%
\affil[4]{Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Lake Erie Fishery Station}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Parameterizations for bottom shear stress are required to predict
sediment resuspension from field observations and within numerical
models that do not resolve flow within the viscous sublayer. This study
assessed three observation-based bottom shear stress (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b)
parameterizations, including (1) the sum of surface wave stress and mean
current (quadratic) stress (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b= \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}w +\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}c); (2) the log-law (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b= \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}L); and
(3) the turbulent kinetic energy (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b= \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}TKE); using two years of
observations from a large shallow lake. For this system, the
parameterization \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b= \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}w +\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}c was sufficient to qualitatively predict
resuspension, since bottom currents and surface wave orbitals were the
two major processes found to resuspend bottom sediments. However, the \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}L
and \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}TKE parameterizations also captured the development of a nepheloid
layer within the hypolimnion associated with high-frequency internal
waves. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation models
parameterize \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}b as the summation of modeled current-induced bottom
stress (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}c,m) and modelled surface wave-induced bottom stress (\selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}w,m).
The performance of different parameterizations for \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}c,m and \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}w,m in RANS
models was assessed against the observations. The optimal
parameterizations yielded root-mean-square errors of 0.031 and 0.025 Pa,
respectively, when \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}c,m, and \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}w,m were set using a constant canonical
drag coefficient. A RANS-based \selectlanguage{greek}τ\selectlanguage{english}L parameterization was developed;
however, the grid-averaged modelled dissipation did not always match
local observations, leading to O(10) errors in prediction of bottom
stress. Turbulence-based parameterizations should be further developed
for application to flows with mean shear-free boundary turbulence.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`951866_0_art_file_10498636_rm9vzy.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/566491/articles/613170-observation-and-parameterization-of-bottom-shear-stress-and-sediment-resuspension-in-a-large-shallow-lake}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`951866_0_supp_10293843_rjhhlm.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/566491/articles/613170-observation-and-parameterization-of-bottom-shear-stress-and-sediment-resuspension-in-a-large-shallow-lake}\selectlanguage{english}
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