References
1. Lai, A. C.; Bienstock, S. W.; Sharma, R.; Skorecki, K.; Beerkens, F.; Samtani, R.; Coyle, A.; Kim, T.; Baber, U.; Camaj, A., et al. A Personalized Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week.J Am Coll Cardiol . 2021 , 77 , 1470-1479.
2. Dohi, K. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac structure and function in chronic renal disease.J Echocardiogr . 2019 , 17 , 115-122.
3. Cherney, D. Z. I.; Charbonnel, B.; Cosentino, F.; Dagogo-Jack, S.; McGuire, D. K.; Pratley, R.; Shih, W. J.; Frederich, R.; Maldonado, M.; Pong, A., et al. Effects of ertugliflozin on kidney composite outcomes, renal function and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis from the randomised VERTIS CV trial. Diabetologia . 2021 ,64 , 1256-1267.
4. Gujral, U. P.; Jagannathan, R.; He, S.; Huang, M.; Staimez, L. R.; Wei, J.; Singh, N.; Narayan, K. M. V. Association between varying cut-points of intermediate hyperglycemia and risk of mortality, cardiovascular events and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care .2021 , 9 ,
5. Hubbard, D.; Colantonio, L. D.; Rosenson, R. S.; Brown, T. M.; Jackson, E. A.; Huang, L.; Orroth, K. K.; Reading, S.; Woodward, M.; Bittner, V., et al. Risk for recurrent cardiovascular disease events among patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol . 2021 , 20 , 58.
6. Lawson, C. A.; Seidu, S.; Zaccardi, F.; McCann, G.; Kadam, U. T.; Davies, M. J.; Lam, C. S.; Heerspink, H. L.; Khunti, K. Outcome trends in people with heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the UK over twenty years. EClinicalMedicine . 2021 , 32 , 100739.
7. Go, A. S.; Chertow, G. M.; Fan, D.; McCulloch, C. E.; Hsu, C. Y. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med .2004 , 351 , 1296-305.
8. Amann, K.; Tyralla, K. Cardiovascular changes in chronic renal failure–pathogenesis and therapy. Clin Nephrol . 2002 , 58 Suppl 1 , S62-72.
9. Jahn, L.; Kramann, R.; Marx, N.; Floege, J.; Becker, M.; Schlieper, G. Speckle Tracking Echocardiography and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res . 2019 ,44 , 690-703.
10. Liu, Y. W.; Su, C. T.; Huang, Y. Y.; Yang, C. S.; Huang, J. W.; Yang, M. T.; Chen, J. H.; Tsai, W. C. Left ventricular systolic strain in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol . 2011 , 33 , 84-90.
11. Potter, E.; Marwick, T. H. Assessment of Left Ventricular Function by Echocardiography: The Case for Routinely Adding Global Longitudinal Strain to Ejection Fraction.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging . 2018 , 11 , 260-274.
12. Marwick, T. H.; Leano, R. L.; Brown, J.; Sun, J. P.; Hoffmann, R.; Lysyansky, P.; Becker, M.; Thomas, J. D. Myocardial strain measurement with 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: definition of normal range. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging . 2009 , 2 , 80-4.
13. Burns, A. T.; La Gerche, A.; D’Hooge, J.; MacIsaac, A. I.; Prior, D. L. Left ventricular strain and strain rate: characterization of the effect of load in human subjects.Eur J Echocardiogr . 2010 , 11 , 283-9.
14. Ravera, M.; Rosa, G. M.; Fontanive, P.; Bussalino, E.; Dorighi, U.; Picciotto, D.; Di Lullo, L.; Dini, F. L.; Paoletti, E. Impaired Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients. Cardiorenal Med .2019 , 9 , 61-68.
15. Zhang, T.; Li, J.; Cao, S. Prognostic value of left ventricular global longitudinal strain in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int Urol Nephrol . 2020 , 52 , 1747-1756.
16. Christensen, J.; Landler, N. E.; Olsen, F. J.; Feldt-Rasmussen, B.; Hansen, D.; Kamper, A. L.; Christoffersen, C.; Ballegaard, E. L. F.; Sorensen, I. M. H.; Bjergfelt, S. S., et al. Left ventricular structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease assessed by 3D echocardiography: the CPH-CKD ECHO study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2021 ,
17. Kovarova, M.; Zilinska, Z.; Pales, J.; Kuzmova, Z.; Gazova, A.; Smaha, J.; Kuzma, M.; Jackuliak, P.; Stvrtinova, V.; Kyselovic, J., et al. 3D Echocardiography - A Useful Method for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Physiol Res . 2021 , 70 , S109-S120.
18. Bezante, G. P.; Viazzi, F.; Leoncini, G.; Ratto, E.; Conti, N.; Balbi, M.; Agosti, S.; Deferrari, L.; Deferrari, G.; Pontremoli, R. Coronary flow reserve is impaired in hypertensive patients with subclinical renal damage. Am J Hypertens . 2009 , 22 , 191-6.
19. Picano, E.; Ostojic, M.; Varga, A.; Sicari, R.; Djordjevic-Dikic, A.; Nedeljkovic, I.; Torres, M. Combined low dose dipyridamole-dobutamine stress echocardiography to identify myocardial viability. J Am Coll Cardiol . 1996 ,27 , 1422-8.
20. Hozumi, T.; Yoshida, K.; Akasaka, T.; Asami, Y.; Ogata, Y.; Takagi, T.; Kaji, S.; Kawamoto, T.; Ueda, Y.; Morioka, S. Noninvasive assessment of coronary flow velocity and coronary flow velocity reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery by Doppler echocardiography: comparison with invasive technique.J Am Coll Cardiol . 1998 , 32 , 1251-9.
21. Levey, A. S.; Stevens, L. A.; Schmid, C. H.; Zhang, Y. L.; Castro, A. F., 3rd; Feldman, H. I.; Kusek, J. W.; Eggers, P.; Van Lente, F.; Greene, T., et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med .2009 , 150 , 604-12.
22. Lang, R. M.; Badano, L. P.; Mor-Avi, V.; Afilalo, J.; Armstrong, A.; Ernande, L.; Flachskampf, F. A.; Foster, E.; Goldstein, S. A.; Kuznetsova, T., et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2015 , 16 , 233-70.
23. Lakkas, L.; Naka, K. K.; Bechlioulis, A.; Girdis, I.; Duni, A.; Koutlas, V.; Moustakli, M.; Katsouras, C. S.; Dounousi, E.; Michalis, L. K. The prognostic role of myocardial strain indices and dipyridamole stress test in renal transplantation patients. Echocardiography . 2020 ,37 , 62-70.
24. Vogel, M. W.; Slusser, J. P.; Hodge, D. O.; Chen, H. H. The natural history of preclinical diastolic dysfunction: a population-based study. Circ Heart Fail .2012 , 5 , 144-51.
25. Nakano, S.; Masuda, K.; Asanuma, T.; Nakatani, S. The effect of chronic renal failure on cardiac function: an experimental study with a rat model. J Echocardiogr .2016 , 14 , 156-162.
26. Playford, D.; Strange, G.; Celermajer, D. S.; Evans, G.; Scalia, G. M.; Stewart, S.; Prior, D. Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in 436 360 men and women: the National Echo Database Australia (NEDA). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2021 , 22 , 505-515.
27. Sharma, R.; Pellerin, D.; Gaze, D. C.; Mehta, R. L.; Gregson, H.; Streather, C. P.; Collinson, P. O.; Brecker, S. J. Mitral peak Doppler E-wave to peak mitral annulus velocity ratio is an accurate estimate of left ventricular filling pressure and predicts mortality in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2006 , 19 , 266-73.
28. Kadappu, K. K.; Abhayaratna, K.; Boyd, A.; French, J. K.; Xuan, W.; Abhayaratna, W.; Thomas, L. Independent Echocardiographic Markers of Cardiovascular Involvement in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Value of Left Atrial Function and Volume.J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2016 , 29 , 359-67.
29. Tripepi, G.; Benedetto, F. A.; Mallamaci, F.; Tripepi, R.; Malatino, L.; Zoccali, C. Left atrial volume in end-stage renal disease: a prospective cohort study. J Hypertens . 2006 , 24 , 1173-80.
30. Tripepi, G.; Mattace-Raso, F.; Mallamaci, F.; Benedetto, F. A.; Witteman, J.; Malatino, L.; Zoccali, C. Biomarkers of left atrial volume: a longitudinal study in patients with end stage renal disease. Hypertension . 2009 , 54 , 818-24.
31. Matsushita, K.; Kwak, L.; Sang, Y.; Ballew, S. H.; Skali, H.; Shah, A. M.; Coresh, J.; Solomon, S. Kidney Disease Measures and Left Ventricular Structure and Function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Heart Assoc .2017 , 6 ,
32. Park, M.; Hsu, C. Y.; Li, Y.; Mishra, R. K.; Keane, M.; Rosas, S. E.; Dries, D.; Xie, D.; Chen, J.; He, J., et al. Associations between kidney function and subclinical cardiac abnormalities in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol . 2012 ,23 , 1725-34.
33. Pluta, A.; Strozecki, P.; Krintus, M.; Odrowaz-Sypniewska, G.; Manitius, J. Left ventricular remodeling and arterial remodeling in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 1-3. Ren Fail . 2015 , 37 , 1105-10.
34. Dubin, R. F.; Deo, R.; Bansal, N.; Anderson, A. H.; Yang, P.; Go, A. S.; Keane, M.; Townsend, R.; Porter, A.; Budoff, M., et al. Associations of Conventional Echocardiographic Measures with Incident Heart Failure and Mortality: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol .2017 , 12 , 60-68.
35. Galderisi, M. Epicardial coronary vessels and coronary microcirculation in pressure overload hypertrophy: a complex interaction. Am J Hypertens . 2007 , 20 , 285-6.
36. Pirat, B.; Bozbas, H.; Simsek, V.; Yildirir, A.; Sade, L. E.; Gursoy, Y.; Altin, C.; Atar, I.; Muderrisoglu, H. Impaired coronary flow reserve in patients with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis . 2008 , 201 , 112-6.
37. Karayannis, G.; Giamouzis, G.; Alexandridis, E.; Kamvrogiannis, P.; Butler, J.; Skoularigis, J.; Triposkiadis, F. Prevalence of impaired coronary flow reserve and its association with left ventricular diastolic function in asymptomatic individuals with major cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil . 2011 , 18 , 326-33.
38. Gkirdis, I.; Naka, K. K.; Lakkas, L.; Manolakaki, P.; Duni, A.; Koulousios, K.; Kalaitzidis, R.; Dounousi, E.; Michalis, L. K.; Katsouras, C. S. Coronary microcirculation and left ventricular diastolic function: comparison between patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. J Echocardiogr .2021 , 19 , 103-112.
39. Evangelou, D.; Bechlioulis, A.; Tzeltzes, G.; Lakkas, L.; Theodorou, I.; Kalaitzidis, R.; Dounousi, E.; Michalis, L. K.; Naka, K. K. Myocardial strain indices and coronary flow reserve are only mildly affected in healthy hypertensive patients.Int J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2021 , 37 , 69-79.
40. Chade, A. R.; Brosh, D.; Higano, S. T.; Lennon, R. J.; Lerman, L. O.; Lerman, A. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with reduced coronary flow in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Kidney Int .2006 , 69 , 266-71.
41. Kashioulis, P.; Guron, C. W.; Svensson, M. K.; Hammarsten, O.; Saeed, A.; Guron, G. Patients with moderate chronic kidney disease without heart disease have reduced coronary flow velocity reserve. ESC Heart Fail . 2020 ,7 , 2797-2806.
42. Bajaj, N. S.; Singh, A.; Zhou, W.; Gupta, A.; Fujikura, K.; Byrne, C.; Harms, H. J.; Osborne, M. T.; Bravo, P.; Andrikopolou, E., et al. Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction, Left Ventricular Remodeling, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Impairment. Circulation . 2020 ,141 , 21-33.
43. Papamichail, N.; Bechlioulis, A.; Lakkas, L.; Bougiakli, M.; Giannitsi, S.; Gouva, C.; Katopodis, K.; Michalis, L. K.; Naka, K. K. Impaired coronary microcirculation is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in end-stage chronic kidney disease patients. Echocardiography . 2020 ,37 , 536-545.
44. Nakanishi, K.; Fukuda, S.; Shimada, K.; Miyazaki, C.; Otsuka, K.; Kawarabayashi, T.; Watanabe, H.; Yoshikawa, J.; Yoshiyama, M. Prognostic value of coronary flow reserve on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol . 2013 , 112 , 928-32.
45. Charytan, D. M.; Skali, H.; Shah, N. R.; Veeranna, V.; Cheezum, M. K.; Taqueti, V. R.; Kato, T.; Bibbo, C. R.; Hainer, J.; Dorbala, S., et al. Coronary flow reserve is predictive of the risk of cardiovascular death regardless of chronic kidney disease stage. Kidney Int . 2018 , 93 , 501-509.
46. Panoulas, V. F.; Sulemane, S.; Konstantinou, K.; Bratsas, A.; Elliott, S. J.; Dawson, D.; Frankel, A. H.; Nihoyannopoulos, P. Early detection of subclinical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2015 , 16 , 539-48.
47. Krishnasamy, R.; Isbel, N. M.; Hawley, C. M.; Pascoe, E. M.; Burrage, M.; Leano, R.; Haluska, B. A.; Marwick, T. H.; Stanton, T. Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) Is a Superior Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality When Compared to Ejection Fraction in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.PLoS One . 2015 , 10 , e0127044.
48. Cognet, T.; Vervueren, P. L.; Dercle, L.; Bastie, D.; Richaud, R.; Berry, M.; Marchal, P.; Gautier, M.; Fouilloux, A.; Galinier, M., et al. New concept of myocardial longitudinal strain reserve assessed by a dipyridamole infusion using 2D-strain echocardiography: the impact of diabetes and age, and the prognostic value. Cardiovasc Diabetol . 2013 , 12 , 84.