All participants Atopic dermatitis at 1 y [OR of unit change (95%CI)]
Mothers’ blood Mothers’ blood (N = 263) (N = 40)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
1.72 (1.22–2.47)
1.36 (0.82–1.87) [0.46 (0.28–0.74)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.23 (0.17–0.29)
0.19 (0.13–0.25) [0.00 (0.00–0.12)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.09 (0.06–0.13)
0.07 (0.03–0.12) [0.15 (0.00–29.4)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.29 (0.19–0.48)
0.23 (0.11–0.33) [0.07 (0.01–0.46)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.18 (0.12–0.28)
0.14 (0.09–0.23) [0.13 (0.01–1.75)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.41 (0.25–0.63)
0.33 (0.16–0.46) [0.22 (0.06–0.88)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.41 (0.28–0.55)
0.30 (0.16–0.45) [0.07 (0.01–0.43)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.48 (0.38–0.60)
0.52 (0.40–0.60) [2.29 (0.25–21.1)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.58 (0.49–0.69)
0.56 (0.50–0.63) [0.57 (0.07–4.74)]
Colostrum Colostrum (N = 258) (N = 40)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
0.80 (0.55–1.29)
0.62 (0.37–1.13) [0.50 (0.25–0.99)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.17 (0.12–0.25)
0.13 (0.08–0.21) [0.00 (0.00–0.23)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.06 (0.03–0.08)
0.04 (0.02–0.07) [0.00 (0.00–0.72)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.19 (0.11–0.39)
0.14 (0.08–0.32) [0.19 (0.03–1.14)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.09 (0.05–0.15)
0.07 (0.04–0.13) [0.14 (0.00–7.75)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.16 (0.10–0.25)
0.12 (0.05–0.22) [0.16 (0.01–1.98)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.10 (0.07–0.15)
0.10 (0.06–0.14) [0.27 (0.00–38.2)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.48 (0.24–0.81)
0.56 (0.27–0.93) [1.64 (0.67–4.01)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.60 (0.39–0.94)
0.64 (0.39–1.02) [1.01 (0.60–1.70)]
Breast milk at 1 m Breast milk at 1 m (N = 255) (N = 39)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
0.24 (0.18–0.36)
0.24 (0.15–0.37) [0.66 (0.10–4.31)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.07 (0.04–0.09)
0.06 (0.04–0.08) [0.00 (0.00–11.7)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
0.01 (0.01–0.02) [0.00 (0.00–14.8)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.05 (0.03–0.08)
0.05 (0.03–0.11) [4.08 (0.15–115)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
0.02 (0.01–0.02) [0.00 (0.00–5460)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.05 (0.03–0.08)
0.05 (0.04–0.07) [0.04 (0.00–61.7)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.04 (0.03–0.05)
0.04 (0.03–0.05) [5.24 (0.00–4.58 x106)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.27 (0.14–0.40)
0.25 (0.10–0.39) [0.56 (0.11–2.91)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.31 (0.17–0.55)
0.28 (0.15–0.57) [0.78 (0.34–1.81)]
Breast milk at 6 m Breast milk at 6 m (N = 216) (N = 34)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
0.31 (0.20–0.50)
0.28 (0.18–0.38) [0.21 (0.04–1.07)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.07 (0.05–0.12)
0.07 (0.05–0.11) [0.02 (0.00–4.05)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.02 (0.01–0.04)
0.02 (0.01–0.03) [0.00 (0.00–11.6)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.06 (0.03–0.12)
0.06 (0.02–0.11) [0.01 (0.00–1.77)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.02 (0.01–0.04)
0.02 (0.01–0.03) [0.00 (0.00–13.8)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.07 (0.04–0.11)
0.06 (0.03–0.09) [0.00 (0.00–1.27)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.04 (0.03–0.06)
0.04 (0.03–0.06) [0.00 (0.00–37.0)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.26 (0.11–0.42)
0.25 (0.12–0.52) [1.46 (0.46–4.58)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.23 (0.11–0.49)
0.20 (0.09–0.46) [0.44 (0.11–1.85)]
Cord blood Cord blood (N = 262) (N = 41)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
0.25 (0.20–0.30)
0.23 (0.19–0.27) [0.02 (0.00–1.27)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.05 (0.04–0.07)
0.04 (0.03–0.06) [0.00 (0.00–0.46)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
0.01 (0.01–0.02) [0.00 (0.00–5.73x1011)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.07 (0.04–0.10)
0.06 (0.03–0.08) [0.01 (0.00–4.80)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
0.01 (0.01–0.02) [0.05 (0.00–1.59x109)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.05 (0.04–0.06)
0.05 (0.04–0.05) [0.00 (0.00–639)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.04 (0.03–0.04)
0.03 (0.03–0.04) [25.3 (0.00–6.24x109)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.29 (0.24–0.35)
0.28 (0.23–0.35) [0.28 (0.01–11.7)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.09 (0.07–0.12)
0.09 (0.07–0.12) [3.01 (0.00–5620)]
Children’s blood at 1 y Children’s blood at 1 y (N = 241) (N = 36)
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
1.36 (0.82–1.97)
1.23 (0.73–1.59) [0.61 (0.37–1.00)]
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
0.16 (0.09–0.25)
0.16 (0.08–0.21) [0.12 (0.00–3.55)]
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.06 (0.03–0.09)
0.05 (0.02–0.08) [0.00 (0.00–1.52)]
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
0.17 (0.08–0.31)
0.16 (0.08–0.27) [0.28 (0.04–1.95)]
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.19 (0.11–0.29)
0.20 (0.08–0.25) [0.12 (0.01–1.93)]
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
0.46 (0.25–0.68)
0.41 (0.24–0.62) [0.51 (0.18–1.48)]
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
0.18 (0.11–0.30)
0.15 (0.08–0.21) [0.03 (0.00–0.56)]
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
0.46 (0.40–0.55)
0.48 (0.40–0.56) [1.69 (0.09–30.3)]
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
0.36 (0.30–0.42)
0.33 (0.28–0.38) [0.00 (0.00–0.33)]