Figure 4. Trade-off between constitutive defense and induced defense across 12 pairs of non-native plants and native congeners. Relationship between constitutive defense (-1 × larval weight gain on the leaves of healthy plant) and induced defense [-1 × (larva weight gain on the leaves of damaged plant – average of larval weight gain on the leaves of healthy plant)] assessed by generalist Spodoptera littoralis larval growth (A). Relationship between constitutive defense (content in the leaves of healthy plant) and induced defense (content in the leaves of damaged plant - average of content in the leaves of healthy plant) assessed by phenolics (B). Blue points represent individual non-native species, and red points represent individual native species. Lines indicate significant linear relationships.