Figure 4. Trade-off between constitutive defense and induced
defense across 12 pairs of non-native plants and native congeners.
Relationship between constitutive defense (-1 × larval weight gain on
the leaves of healthy plant) and induced defense [-1 × (larva weight
gain on the leaves of damaged plant – average of larval weight gain on
the leaves of healthy plant)] assessed by generalist Spodoptera
littoralis larval growth (A). Relationship between constitutive defense
(content in the leaves of healthy plant) and induced defense (content in
the leaves of damaged plant - average of content in the leaves of
healthy plant) assessed by phenolics (B). Blue points represent
individual non-native species, and red points represent individual
native species. Lines indicate significant linear relationships.