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\begin{document}

\title{Harnessing Underutilized Gene Bank Diversity and Genomic Prediction of
Cross Usefulness to Enhance Resistance to \emph{Phytophthora cactorum}
in Strawberry}



\author[1]{Nicolás Jiménez}%
\author[1]{Mitchell Feldmann}%
\author[1]{Randi Famula}%
\author[1]{Dominique Pincot}%
\author[1]{Marta Bjornson}%
\author[1]{Glenn Cole}%
\author[1]{Steven Knapp}%
\affil[1]{University of California Davis}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The development of strawberry (\emph{Fragaria} \selectlanguage{ngerman}× \emph{ananassa})
cultivars resistant to Phytophthora crown rot (PhCR), a devastating
disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen \emph{Phytophthora cactorum},
has been challenging, partly because resistance phenotypes are
quantitative and only moderately heritable. To develop deeper insights
into the genetics of resistance and build the foundation for applying
genomic selection, a genetically diverse training population was
screened for resistance to California isolates of the pathogen. Here we
show that genetic gains in breeding for resistance to PhCR have been
negligible (3\% of the cultivars tested were highly resistant and none
surpassed early twentieth century cultivars). Narrow-sense heritability
for PhCR resistance ranged from 0.35-0.57. Using multivariate GWAS, we
identified a large-effect locus (predicted to be RPc2) that appears to
be ubiquitous, slowed symptom development, explained 43.6-51.6\% of the
genetic variance, was necessary but not sufficient for resistance, and
was strongly associated with calcium channel and other genes with known
plant defense functions. The addition of underutilized gene bank
resources to our training population doubled additive genetic variance,
increased the accuracy of genomic selection, and enabled the discovery
of individuals carrying favorable alleles that are either rare or not
present in modern cultivars. The incorporation of an RPc2-associated SNP
as a fixed effect increased genomic prediction accuracy from 0.40 to
0.55. Finally, we show that parent selection using genomic-estimated
breeding values, genetic variances, and cross-usefulness holds promise
for enhancing resistance to PhCR in strawberry.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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