Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 78 species inHantaviridae , calculated with the software MEGA 11.0, the amino acid sequences of the viral RdRp gene, the Neighbor-joining method, and the Poisson model. Bootstrap values were calculated using 1000 replicates.
Reassortment events of NWHVs (e.g., SNV) in rodents in the USA have been recorded. These events mainly exchange the viral S or M segments.4,58 ANDV-SNV reassortment events and HTNV-SEOV reassortment events were experimentally confirmed.58 19.1% of PUUV genomes obtained from rodents in 2005–2009 were identified as reassortants.4
The evolution of hantaviruses was likely driven by host adaptation and geographical isolation.59 Pathogenic hantaviruses were isolated from various rodent species. For instance, HTNV has been isolated from Apodemus agrarius , SEOV from Rattus norvegicus , PUUV from Myodes glareolus , ANDV fromOligoryzomys longicaudatus , and SNV from Peromyscus maniculatus . It has been believed for a long time that rodents are the original hosts of various hantaviruses and that one hantavirus species circulates largely in one rodent species.2 Although recent studies suggested that one hantavirus species can circulate in a few rodent species (Table S1 ), the genera and species ofHantaviridae are largely consistent with their host species, and orthohantaviruses have evolved into different species in the hosts ofMurinae , Arvicolinae , Neotominae , andSigmodontinae subfamilies.59 Meanwhile, HTNV and SEOV have formed multiple lineages corresponding to their geographic distribution.56
Multiple studies have shown that mammalian hantaviruses may originate from hantaviruses in shrews, bats, or moles,46 which might come from reptile or fish hantaviruses.45