ATM:
ATM is another mutation that has been associated with aggressive PCa70 73. Two separate multi-ethnic studies found no signfincant difference in ATM somatic mutation in EAM and AAM with metastatic prostate cancer (5.75-7.29% and 3.78-9.86% respectively) 67 69 (Table 1). Three separate studies also noted similar rates of ATM germline variants in EAM with metastatic PCa (1-1.53%)6465 70 compared to reported rates amongst AAM with metastatic PCa (0-3.33%) (Table 2). In a study with more than 2000 men of African ancestry, the incidence ATM germline variants was 1.8% in patient with metastatic PCa73.