Author contributions
Jie Jin designed the study and performed almost all the experiments
except those contributed by others listed below. Jie Jin analyzed the
data, prepared the figures, and wrote the original draft. Xianbin Meng
assisted in the LC-MS/MS analysis. Yi Yuan provided assistance in the
daily experiments such as protein purification and molecular cloning.
Haiteng Deng and Yi Huo contributed the plasmid encoding ISG15
conjugating system including ISG15, UBE1L, UBCH8, and HERC5. Xuliang
Deng and Jia Song contributed the plasmid encoding RIG-I. Xiaoyun Liu
supervised the study, obtained the funding, and rewrote the manuscript.