Figure 3. (A) Schematic illustration of Li metal plating on Li
and Cu. (B) Voltage profiles and the corresponding pressure profiles of
Cu| NCM811 and Li||NCM811. (C) Morphologies
of Li plating on Cu and Li, observed by optical microscope (OM) and
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Reproduced with
permission.[78] Copyright 2017, American Chemcial
Society (F) Schematic illustration of epitaxial induced Li plating. (G)
Cycling performances of 120 mA h level anode-free lithium metal battery
pouch-cell with E-Cu. Reproduced with
permission.[73]Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH
Figure 4. (A) Voltage profiles of Li deposition showing the
interface overpotentials of bare Cu, α-PVDF, β-PVDF, and LiF@PVDF. (B)
Schematic illustration of Li growth mechanisms under Li-ion depletion
and mitigating the surface concentration difference during concentration
polarization. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, American
Chemical Society.[101] (C) Schematic illustration
of Li deposition on an electrical resistive substrate. (D) Optical image
of a patterned current collectors with 50 nm
Al2O3 on Cu substrate and 25 µm-sized
holes that expose the underlying Cu substrate (E) SEM image of Li
deposits on patterned current collectors with 0.5 mA h
cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2. (F, I)
Normalized discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of anode-free
Cu||NMC 532 pouch cells. Reproduced under
CC-BY.[104]