2) Low nucleation barrier and high reversibility of Li
Unlike LMBs, Li nucleates directly on the surface of CCs and
subsequently grows during the initial charge process for AFLMBs. Owing
to the higher nucleation kinetics of Li on Cu CCs than on Li metal,
uniform Li nucleates, and compact Li metal is
deposited.[62] The non-uniform and porous
morphology of Li plated on Li metal is detrimental to
cyclability[63], whereas uniform and dense lithium
metal growth on Cu CCs reduces the side reactions of Li and the
electrolyte, resulting in high Coulombic efficiencies (CEs).