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\begin{document}

\title{A Comprehensive Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Options for Germany}



\author[1]{Malgorzata Borchers}%
\author[1]{Johannes Förster}%
\author[1]{Daniela Thrän}%
\author[2]{Silke Beck}%
\author[1]{Terese Thoni}%
\author[1]{Klaas Korte}%
\author[1]{Erik Gawel}%
\author[1]{Till Markus}%
\author[1]{Romina Schaller}%
\author[3]{Imke Rhoden}%
\author[4]{Yaxuan Chi}%
\author[4]{Nicolaus Dahmen}%
\author[5]{Roland Dittmeyer}%
\author[6]{Tobias Dolch}%
\author[7]{Christian Dold}%
\author[8]{Michael Herbst}%
\author[5]{Dominik Heß}%
\author[9]{Aram Kalhori}%
\author[6]{Ketil Koop-Jakobsen}%
\author[10]{Zhan Li}%
\author[11]{Andreas Oschlies}%
\author[12]{Thorsten B.H. Reusch}%
\author[10]{Torsten Sachs}%
\author[10]{Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger}%
\author[12]{Angela Stevenson}%
\author[12]{Jiajun WU}%
\author[10]{Christopher Yeates}%
\author[12]{Nadine Mengis}%
\affil[1]{Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ)}%
\affil[2]{Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ}%
\affil[3]{Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ)}%
\affil[4]{Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)}%
\affil[5]{Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)}%
\affil[6]{Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)}%
\affil[7]{Aarhus University}%
\affil[8]{Forschungszentrum Jülich}%
\affil[9]{GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam,}%
\affil[10]{GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences}%
\affil[11]{Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, GEOMAR}%
\affil[12]{GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 05, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
To reach their net-zero targets, countries will have to compensate
hard-to-abate CO\textsubscript{2} emissions through carbon dioxide
removal (CDR). Yet, current assessments rarely include socio-cultural or
institutional aspects or fail to contextualize CDR options for
implementation.

Here we present a context-specific feasibility assessment of CDR options
for the example of Germany. We assess fourteen CDR options, including
three chemical carbon capture options, six options for bioenergy
combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and five options that
aim to increase ecosystem carbon uptake. The assessment addresses
technological, economic, environmental, institutional, social-cultural
and systemic considerations using a traffic-light system to evaluate
implementation opportunities and hurdles.{}

We find that in Germany CDR options like cover crops or seagrass
restoration currently face comparably low implementation hurdles in
terms of technological, economic, or environmental feasibility and low
institutional or social opposition but show comparably small
CO\textsubscript{2} removal potentials. In contrast, some BECCS options
that show high CDR potentials face significant techno-economic, societal
and institutional hurdles when it comes to the geological storage of
CO\textsubscript{2}.

While a combination of CDR options is likely required to meet the
net-zero target in Germany, the current climate protection law includes
a limited set of options. Our analysis aims to provide comprehensive
information on CDR hurdles and possibilities for Germany for use in
further research on CDR options, climate, and energy scenario
development, as well as an effective decision support basis for various
actors.%
\end{abstract}%



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