Spatial autocorrelation
Spatial genetic differences as a result of isolation by distance (IBD) were analyzed by computing a Mantel test Pearson’s product-moment correlation (Mantel, 1967) between a pairwise population genetic distances matrix [F ST/1-F ST; Rousset, 1997] and geographical distance between sampling localities [log(Euclidean distance)]. Genetic and geographic distances were computed using the functions gl.ibd from the dartR package (Gruber et al., 2018), and the statistical Mantel test using the functions from the package vegan (Oksanen et al., 2016). For this test, the significance values were calculated from 999 random permutations. Isolation by distance was examined for all population pairs, and within pairs of populations in small and large patches separately.