2.1 Plant materials
TH samples from SS and FXS were collected from Wuzhou of Guangxi Province in China. Three duplicates of TH samples from two hosts were examined. The botanical origins of the materials were authenticated by Professor Xun-Hong Liu (Department for Authentication of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China). Voucher specimens were deposited in the laboratory of Chinese medicine identification, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. The medicinal parts were gathered, washed with PBS, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and refrigerated at –80 °C.