Search results
The search strategy identified 1,969 trials, of which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 3,716 participants. The study selection process is illustrated in Figure 1. Overall, 3,090 participants were assigned to 18 types of surgery, mainly including laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery, orthopedic surgery, abdominal surgery, orthognathic surgery, third molar surgery, septorhinoplasty, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, bunionectomy, and pancreaticoduodenectomy, etc. The baseline characteristics of each study were summarized in Table 1.