Quality assessment of included studies
The assessment of the risk of bias was summarized in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Supplementary Table 3. 56.3% of trials (22-39) had an unclear risk of bias owing to insufficient information about random sequences, allocation concealment, and the blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors. 28.1% of trials (40-48) showed a low risk of bias and 15.6% of trials (49-53) had a high risk of blinding of participants and personnel, selective reporting, or other bias.