DNA extraction
DNA was extracted from swab and tissue material using the QIAamp DNA
Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s guidance
with some minor modifications. Briefly, we extracted DNA from swabs and
tissue samples according to the protocols published by Chuma et al.
(2018) and Hisgen et al. (2021), respectively. Subsequently, glycogen
precipitation was performed to clean and concentrate the DNA. The method
followed the procedure described by Knauf et al. (2016). We measured the
DNA yield using a NanoDrop photometer (ThermoFisher Scientific,
Darmstadt, Germany).