DNA extraction
DNA was extracted from swab and tissue material using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s guidance with some minor modifications. Briefly, we extracted DNA from swabs and tissue samples according to the protocols published by Chuma et al. (2018) and Hisgen et al. (2021), respectively. Subsequently, glycogen precipitation was performed to clean and concentrate the DNA. The method followed the procedure described by Knauf et al. (2016). We measured the DNA yield using a NanoDrop photometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany).