Conclusion

Despite several progressions made in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, the death toll of autoimmunities linked to PD-1 is still high. Bondage of PD-1 to its ligands culminates in a wide range of stimulations and responses, specifically in T cells and NK cells; which in turn triggers or obstructs autoimmune diseases. PD-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with an extracellular IgV domain. In T1DM, PDL-1 triggers the secretion of IL-10 and T cells. On the other hand, PDL-2 costimulates naïve T cells and Th1 cytokine production. by controlling these pathways, it is presumed that T1DM can be treated. In SLE, two key factors exist to gain control over the disease: First, the TLR pathway which is associated with the emission of IFN-α. Second, B cell ligation leads to IFN secretion.

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences for supporting this study.

Conflict of Interest 

There is no conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement:
All data displayed in this publication, including Supporting Information, are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

There is no funding source.

Author contributions

These authors contributed equally to this work.