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\begin{document}

\title{A greenhouse design for simulating warmer, shorter winters in small
ponds}



\author[1]{Rosemary Martin}%
\author[2]{Stephan Schneider}%
\author[1]{Shannon McCauley}%
\affil[1]{University of Toronto Mississauga Department of Biology}%
\affil[2]{University of Toronto}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
1. Ice coverage duration on lakes and ponds is decreasing due to climate
change, but experimentally testing the effects of decreased ice coverage
on aquatic communities is challenging in field settings. 2. To assess
whether we could simulate changes predicted to occur in aquatic habitats
as climate change progresses including shorter ice duration, warmer
temperatures, and thinner ice and associated water chemistry changes, we
designed and constructed greenhouses to place over a set of ten
experimental ponds, roughly 3x3m in area which slope to a maximum depth
of 1m, dug into the ground at the Koffler Scientific Reserve (Ontario,
Canada). Half of the wedge-shaped greenhouses were enclosed on all sides
(n=5) while the other the other half were open on three sides, with only
the top fitted with plastic sheeting (n=5). The open greenhouses
provided a less-warmed treatment while controlling for precipitation
reduction and light filtering caused by the sheeting. In November 2019
greenhouses were placed over the ponds. Snow was cleared from the
greenhouses and water chemistry measures were taken once weekly through
the 2019-2020 winter. 3. Ice was thinner across the winter and melted on
average 10.6 days earlier in closed greenhouses compared to open
greenhouses. Average winter water temperatures were also significantly
higher in closed versus open greenhouses although these differences were
not significant in all months. Similarly, maximum and minimum water
temperatures were also higher in ponds with closed compared with open
greenhouses. We successfully demonstrate a method for simulating
expected changes in ice conditions as climate change progresses
including decreasing ice coverage duration at levels similar to those
observed in north temperate ecosystems (per century) and alpine
ecosystems (per 36 years) and raising temperatures in a highly
manipulatable experimental system.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`A greenhouse design for simulating warmer shorter winters in small ponds .docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/609486/articles/638882-a-greenhouse-design-for-simulating-warmer-shorter-winters-in-small-ponds}

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