Figure 1 MR analysis results on the causal effects ofserum estradiol levels on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.
Panel A. Causal effects of serum estradiol levels on SARS-CoV-2 infection in men and women. Panel B. Causal effects of serum estradiol levels on COVID-19 hospitalization in men and women. Panel C. Causal effects of serum estradiol levels on COVID-19 critical illness in men and women.
a. Estradiol levels above or below the detection limit (175 pmol/L) were analyzed as a binary phenotype.
b. Estradiol levels were analyzed as continuous phenotypes (individuals with estradiol levels below the detection limit (175 pmol/L) were included in the censored regression (Tobit type I) model as if continuous estradiol levels were measured in all participants) 18.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IV, instrumental variable; OR, odds ratio.