Exposures/outcomes Sample size No. of candidate genetic instruments Ancestry Study
Exposure
Estradiol (binary) Individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank Schmitz et al. (2021)
Estradiol levels in women 37,461 women above/equal to the detection limita 2
126,524 women below the detection limita
Estradiol levels in men 13,367 men above/equal to the detection limita 16
134,323 men below the detection limita
Estradiol (continuous)
Estradiol levels in women 163,985 women (37,461 women above/equal to and 126,524 women below the detection limita) 2
Estradiol levels in men 147,690 men (13,367 men above/equal to and 134,323 men below the detection limita) 13
Total testosterone (TT) Individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank Ruth et al. (2020)
TT levels in women 230,454 women 254
TT levels in men 194,453 men 231
Bioavailable testosterone (BT)
BT levels in women 188,507 women 179
BT levels in men 178,782 men 125
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
SHBG levels adjusted for BMI in women 188,908 women 359
SHBG levels adjusted for BMI in men 180,094 men 357
SHBG levels unadjusted for BMI in women 189,473 women 225
SHBG levels unadjusted for BMI in men 180,726 men 245
Outcome
COVID-19b
SARS-CoV-2 infection 74,614 cases NA European ancestry COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative data freeze 6 (June 2021)
1,803,529 controls
COVID-19 hospitalization 14,925 cases NA European ancestry
1,393,029 controls
COVID-19 critical illness 4,297 cases NA European ancestry COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative data freeze 5 (January 2021)
378,521 controls