Figure 1 MR analysis results on the causal effects ofserum estradiol levels on
COVID-19 susceptibility
and severity.
Panel A. Causal effects of serum estradiol levels on SARS-CoV-2
infection in men and women. Panel B. Causal effects of serum estradiol
levels on COVID-19 hospitalization in men and women. Panel C. Causal
effects of serum estradiol levels on COVID-19 critical illness in men
and women.
a. Estradiol levels above or below the detection limit (175 pmol/L) were
analyzed as a binary phenotype.
b. Estradiol levels were analyzed
as continuous phenotypes (individuals with estradiol levels below the
detection limit (175 pmol/L) were included in the censored regression
(Tobit type I) model as if continuous estradiol levels were measured in
all participants) 18.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IV, instrumental variable; OR,
odds ratio.