Genetic instruments mapped to androgen signaling genes
To further investigate the causal effects of androgen signaling on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, we used three top hits (rs112881196, rs17703883, and rs12944649) for BT levels in men and six hits (rs112635299, rs17580, rs78081080, rs727428, rs1050541, and rs9895413) in women as genetic instruments, respectively. These hits were located within 1Mb of eight androgen signaling genes (as shown inTable 2 ), which were identified using the high-throughput drug screen in the study by Samuel et al 8.