Figure 2 MR analysis results on the causal effects of serumtestosterone levels on
COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.
Panel A. Causal effects of serum testosterone levels on SARS-CoV-2
infection in men and women. Panel B. Causal effects of serum
testosterone levels on COVID-19 hospitalization in men and women. Panel
C. Causal effects of serum testosterone levels on COVID-19 critical
illness in men and women.
a. Total testosterone levels was measured in nmol/L and analyzed as a
continuous phenotype.
b. Bioavailable testosterone levels was measured in nmol/L and analyzed
as a continuous phenotype.
c. SNPs mapped to androgen signaling genes (within 1,000 kb distance)
identified in the previous drug screening work done by Samuel et al.
were used as instrumental variables 8.
* IVW estimate after excluding obesity-related SNPs.
Abbreviations: BT, bioavailable testosterone; CI, confidence interval;
IV, instrumental variable; OR, odds ratio; TT, total testosterone.