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\begin{document}

\title{New methods for estimating the total wing area of birds for comparative
studies of flight and dispersal}



\author[1]{Hellen Fu}%
\author[1]{Michelle Su}%
\author[1]{Alexandra Margaritescu}%
\author[1]{Santiago Claramunt}%
\affil[1]{University of Toronto}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Dispersal is a fundamental process in evolution and ecology. Due to the
predominant role of flight in bird movement, their dispersal
capabilities can be estimated from their flight morphology. Most
predictors of flight efficiency require an estimate of the total wing
area, but the existing methods for estimating wing area are
multi-stepped and prone to compounding error. Here, we validated a new
method for estimating the total wing area that requires only the
measurement of the wingspan plus two measurements from the folded wings
of study skin specimens: wing length and secondary length. We
demonstrate that the new folded-wing method estimates total wing area
with high precision across a variety of avian groups and wing shapes. In
addition, the new method performs as well as the old method when used to
estimate natal dispersal distances of North American birds. The
folded-wing method will allow for estimates of the total wing to be
readily obtained from thousands of specimens in ornithological
collections, thus providing critical information for studies of flight
and dispersal in birds.%
\end{abstract}%



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