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\begin{document}

\title{Bronchiolitis in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Brazil: a single
centre study}



\author[1]{Amanda Lohanny Sousa Campos}%
\author[1]{Nayara Rodrigues Gomes de Oliveira}%
\author[1]{Laís Aparecida da Silva}%
\author[1]{Aika Ribeiro Kubo de Oliveira}%
\author[1]{Jakeline Godinho Fonseca}%
\author[1]{Geovana Sôffa Rézio}%
\affil[1]{Secretaria da Saude do Estado de Goias}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Objective: identify the epidemiological characteristics of children with
bronchiolitis hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units of a public
emergency hospital. Methods: this quantitative cross-sectional study
collected data from electronic medical records using a semi-structured
instrument with items regarding sociodemographic and clinical
characteristics of children with bronchiolitis hospitalized in the
pediatric intensive care unit from April 2018 to April 2020. Results: a
total of 73 children were included. Most children were under six months
old (56.16\%) and male (60.27\%), and the most frequent causative agent
of bronchiolitis was viral (75.34\%). Children under invasive mechanical
ventilation tended to have severe acute respiratory syndrome as a
complication (p = 0.022) and death as an outcome (p = 0.001).
Conclusions: prematurity, male gender, low weight, age below six months,
and congenital heart disease were associated with severe bronchiolitis,
which may progress to acute respiratory failure or severe acute
respiratory syndrome. Mechanical ventilation reduced mortality and
improved the clinical condition of children with bronchiolitis,
especially in severe cases.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{INTRODUCTION}

Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) affects mainly the bronchioles, causing
mucosal inflammation, edema, and congestion in airways. Also, this
inflammation reduces the airway caliber and obstructs the airflow,
impairing breathing.\textsuperscript{1} AVB is one of the main acute
respiratory diseases affecting infants and has clinical relevance due to
the high morbidity. Moreover, the main causative agent of AVB is the
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and its circulation increases,
especially during autumn and winter. Infants born with less than 37
gestational weeks, low weight, heart or chronic lung disease (e.g.,
bronchopulmonary dysplasia), or immunodeficiency have a high risk of
being severely infected with RSV, requiring hospitalization in pediatric
intensive care units (PICU).\textsuperscript{2,3}

RSV infection impairs lung function (especially on the fifth day),
representing a major health challenge since its treatment depends on the
severity and may progress to respiratory failure. Oxygen therapy is a
supportive measure for mild cases, while noninvasive (NIV) and invasive
mechanical ventilation (IMV) are used in moderate and severe cases
involving acute respiratory failure (ARF). These measures are combined
with salbutamol with hypertonic solution and bronchodilators, especially
in patients with respiratory distress and requiring nasogastric tube
feeding. However, the patient evolves to death if these measures are
insufficient.\textsuperscript{1,4,5}

About 75\% of children with bronchiolitis hospitalized in PICU require
ventilatory support, and 18\% of these will need IMV because the disease
severity may lead to respiratory distress. However, technological
advances in PICU reduced the mortality related to severe
bronchiolitis.\textsuperscript{6,7} In this sense, AVB is one of the
main causes of hospitalization in PICU and may cause irreversible
impairment of airways, resulting in reduced lung function that may
remain the entire life.\textsuperscript{5,8}

Intrinsic (e.g., comorbidities, disease severity at admission, and age)
and extrinsic factors (e.g., health team experience, available
resources, and clinical protocols) influences the prognosis of a child
in severe condition in PICU.\textsuperscript{9} Thus, this study aimed
to identify the epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized
with bronchiolitis in PICU at an emergency hospital.

\section*{METHODS}

{\label{methods}}

This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at two PICUs of a
public emergency hospital in Goi\selectlanguage{ngerman}ás (Brazil) using electronic medical
records of children with bronchiolitis admitted from April 2018 to April
2020.

The inclusion criteria were children with bronchiolitis of both genders
and aged from 29 days to 2 years, with one or more of the following
comorbidities: congenital heart or gastroesophageal reflux disease,
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, neuropathy,
immunosuppression, respiratory complications, hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy, epilepsy, spinal muscular atrophy (type I), pertussis,
asthma, hemolytic anemia, seizure, hypospadias, or perforated anus.

We excluded incomplete medical records, those registered after the
analyzed period (May 2020), or children misdiagnosed with bronchiolitis.

The information technology team of the hospital provided access to the
electronic medical records of all children hospitalized from April 2018
to April 2020 and classified with the following international
classification of disease-10: J21.10 (acute bronchiolitis), J21.0 (acute
bronchiolitis caused by RSV), J21.8 (acute bronchiolitis caused by other
specified microorganisms), and J21.9 (unspecified acute bronchitis). The
extubation booklet of the physical therapy team from PICU was also used
to collect data and decide whether the children were eligible.

A semi-structured instrument collected the following data:
sociodemographic (age, gender, and city of residence), nutritional
(current weight, current weight-for-age), gestational (gestational age
birth, and birth weight), and hospitalization (previous hospitalization,
causative agent, use of oxygen therapy, NIV, IMV, tracheostomy,
aspiration, prone position, changes in decubitus, NIV failure,
respiratory complications, cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation, and
outcome {[}death or hospital discharge{]}).

Data were described as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical
variables or mean and standard deviation (SD) for quantitative
variables. The STATA® 14 software analyzed all data, and significance
was set at p \textless{} 0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test verified data
normality. The Mann-Whitney and Fisher's exact test compared continuous
and categorical variables, respectively. The weight-for-age was also
analyzed by gender using the WHO Anthro software (version 3.2.2). The
Z-score \textless{} -2 indicated low weight-for-age.

This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution 466/2012
of the National Health Council. The study was approved by the research
ethics committee of the \emph{Centro de Excelência em Ensino, Pesquisas
e Projetos Leide das Neves Ferreira} (no. 28728820.7.0000.5082), and the
informed consent form was not needed since we analyzed medical records.

\section*{RESULTS}

{\label{results}}

A total of 73 children were included in the study from the two PICUs;
mostly male (60.3\%) and below six months old (56.2\%), with a mean age
of 7.2 months (SD 6.4 months).

Regarding nutritional status, the mean weight was 6.7 kg (SD 1.9 kg),
with a mean Z-score of -0.35 (SD 1.5). Also, about 10\% of children were
classified as low weight-for-age. The mean gestational age was 37.5
weeks (SD 1.9 weeks), in which 18 (33.3\%) children were premature, and
the mean birth weight was 3 kg (SD 0.7 kg).

We observed that 45.2\% of children were hospitalized at least once
before this study. The most frequent causative agent was viral (75.3\%),
followed by bacterial (24.7\%). More than 85\% of children required
nasal cannula oxygen therapy for 3.6 days (SD 3.5 days). Also, 15.10\%
of children required IMV for 6.2 days (SD 38.7 days), and 27.4\%
required NIV for 1.1 days (SD 2.7 days), mostly with a nasal prong
(17.8\%), biphasic positive airway pressure (BiPAP) mode (19.2\%), and
without sedation (86.3\%). About 7\% of children presented NIV failure,
more than 4.0\% required tracheostomy, and 84.9\% required aspiration.
Changes in decubitus were performed in 98.6\% of children, and 1.4\%
adopted the prone position.

The most observed comorbidity was congenital heart disease (6.8\%), and
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease,
complications, encephalopathy, and epilepsy presented the same frequency
(2.7\%). Regarding medications, the most used combination were
antibiotics, hypertonic solution, salbutamol, and corticosteroids
(31.5\%), followed by steroids, salbutamol, and hypertonic solution
(19.2\%), and antibiotics, hypertonic solution, and albuterol (16.4\%).

Frequent complications were ARF (45,21\%), severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) (10,96\%), pneumonia (4,11\%), and SARS with pneumonia
(2,74\%). Also, 4.10\% of children presented cardiopulmonary arrest and
were submitted to resuscitation. The outcome for two children (2.70\%)
was death, most children (94.5\%) were discharged to the ward, and two
(2.7\%) were discharged for home care. The mean hospitalization in PICU
was 12 days (SD 39.8 days), and the mean total hospitalization was 15.7
days (SD 39.9 days).

Children under IMV presented lower weight than those without IMV (p =
0.019, Table 1). They also had a lower NIV use (p = 0.007) and death
outcome (p = 0.021) and a higher frequency of SARS than children without
IMV (p = 0.022, Table 2). In addition, the hospitalization period (PICU
and total) was longer in children under IMV than those without IMV (p =
0.001, Table 2).

Most children under NIV also required IMV (p = 0.007) (Table 2). Also,
children under NIV needed more aspiration than those without NIV (p =
0.021), and total hospitalization and in PICU were longer in children
under NIV than those without NIV (p = 0.001, Table 2).

Children under IMV used nasal cannula (p = 0.005) and sedation with NIV
more frequently than those without IMV (p = 0.001, Table 3). Also, they
spent more days in NIV (p = 0.003), had a lower frequency of NIV in
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode (p = 0.002), and
higher frequency of NIV failure than children without IMV (p = 0.002,
Table 3). Children under NIV spent more days in IMV than those without
NIV (20.9 ± 73.0 \emph{versus} 0.7 ± 2.8; p = 0.001).

\textbf{Table 1.} Sociodemographic, nutritional, and pregnancy-related
characteristics of children with bronchiolitis under or without invasive
or noninvasive mechanical ventilation hospitalized in PICU of a public
emergency hospital\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CHARACTERISTICS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p-value\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without NIV 53 (72.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without NIV 53 (72.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV 20 (27.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV 20 (27.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p-value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Gender, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.223\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.202\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
34\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
64.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age (months), mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.158\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.408\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age (days), mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
191.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
159.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
144.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
133.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.368\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
195.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
164.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
155.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
128.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.322\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age group, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.517*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.929*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{} 6 months\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
53.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
72.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
34.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6 to 12 months\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
29\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{} 12 months\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
City, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.480*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.195\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Capital\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Inland\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
29\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NUTRITIONAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Current weight (kg)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.019}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.425\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Current weight-for-age (Z-score)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.31\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.553\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.47\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.03\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.404\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Low weight-for-age, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.717*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
56\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
GESTATIONAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Gestational age, mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.591\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.311\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Premature, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.429*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.288\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
68.10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31.90\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Birth weight, mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.61\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.603\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.72\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.06\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.475\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

n -- absolute value; SD -- standard deviation; NIV -- noninvasive
mechanical ventilation; IMV -- invasive mechanical ventilation.
Mann-Whitney or * Fisher's exact test.

\textbf{Table 2.} Health and clinical characteristics of children with
bronchiolitis under or without invasive or noninvasive mechanical
ventilation hospitalized in PICU of a public emergency hospital\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CHARACTERISTICS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p-value\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without NIV 53 (72.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without NIV 53 (72.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV 20 (27.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV 20 (27.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.09\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p-value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Previous hospitalization, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.363*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.403*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
56.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
56.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Causative agent, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.091*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.357*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Viral\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
77.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Bacterial\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Oxygen therapy, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.659*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.123*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal cannula\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
55\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
88.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
81.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
44\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
83.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Venturi mask\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Days under O\textsubscript{2}, mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.607\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.731\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.007*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.007*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
92.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
63.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
TQT, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.057*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.180*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
98.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
81.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
98.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Aspiration, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.143*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.021*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
82.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Changes in decubitus, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.151*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.726*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
98.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Prone position, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.151*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.274*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
53\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
95.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Complications, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.022*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.050*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ARF\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Pneumonia\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SARS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SARS and pneumonia\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CPA and CPR, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.057*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.623*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
98.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
81.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
96.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
95.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Death, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.021*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.524*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
81.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
96.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Discharge to ward, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.699*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
63.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
94.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
95.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PICU hospitalization (days), mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
97.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
29.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total hospitalization (days), mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
97.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6.0}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
73.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

n -- absolute value; SD -- standard deviation; O\textsubscript{2} --
oxygen; NIV -- noninvasive mechanical ventilation; IMV -- invasive
mechanical ventilation; TQT -- tracheostomy; ARF -- acute respiratory
failure; SARS -- severe acute respiratory syndrome; CPA --
cardiopulmonary arrest; CPR -- cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PICU --
pediatric intensive care unit. Mann-Whitney or * Fisher's exact test.

\textbf{Table 3.} Characteristics of noninvasive mechanical ventilation
in children with bronchiolitis under or without invasive mechanical
ventilation hospitalized in PICU of a public emergency hospital\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CHARACTERISTICS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Without IMV 62 (84.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IMV 11 (15.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p-value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV interface, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.005*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Facial\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Prong\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
45.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
77.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV use (days), mean and SD\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.003*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Use of sedation for NIV, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
95.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
63.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV mode, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.002*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
CPAP\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
BiPAP\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SIMV\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.1\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NIV failure, n and \%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.022*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
96.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
72.7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

n -- absolute value; SD -- standard deviation; NIV-- noninvasive
mechanical ventilation; IMV -- invasive mechanical ventilation; CPAP --
continuous positive airway pressure; BiPAP -- biphasic positive airway
pressure; SIMV -- synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.
Mann-Whitney or * Fisher's exact test.

\section*{DISCUSSION}

{\label{discussion}}

Despite the low mortality, bronchiolitis has high morbidity. Death by
respiratory failure in bronchiolitis is rare, affecting 5.3 per 100,000
infants under 12 months old in the USA, where resources for intensive
care and research advance and reduce this rate.\textsuperscript{10}Also,
the mortality rate was low even in children with comorbidities (e.g.,
low weight, young age, and premature birth) and those under IMV for a
long period (i.e., more than seven days).\textsuperscript{11-13}This
rate was associated with low breathing patterns in children with
bronchiolitis. However, children with bronchiolitis under IMV and who
progressed to SARS presented increased complications and mortality rates
since it is a viral infection that impairs the respiratory
system.\textsuperscript{11,13}

Two children with low birth weight died in this study; one had
congenital heart disease, and the other had SARS. Although both children
were under IMV, they died due to severe bronchiolitis, which caused
hemodynamic instability.\textsuperscript{14,15} Similarly, severe
bronchiolitis was previously associated with young and low-weight
children who developed ARF followed by SARS since bronchiolitis may
increase the respiratory pattern by sixfold. \textsuperscript{1,13}

Younger (i.e., less than six months old) and premature infants presented
severe bronchiolitis with adverse respiratory impairment, needing
ventilatory support. Mechanical factors (e.g., small airway caliber) may
increase airway resistance, which is further increased by the
inflammation and swelling of the airways due to the disease. Also,
immunological factors, such as the weak immune system in younger and
premature infants, may hamper innate immune responses, and these infants
become susceptible to viral infections and require ventilatory
support.\textsuperscript{16,17}

The NIV is one of the initial supportive measures for acute
bronchiolitis, which may progress to IMV in severe cases, especially in
children with comorbidity and low weight. These cases require continuous
positive airway pressure and BiPAP, which may not reverse the
respiratory distress.\textsuperscript{12} Corroborating this data, one
child in the present study was intubated even after using NIV. However,
a previous study showed that children under early NIV improved their
respiratory condition, requiring only nasal cannula oxygen therapy with
a low flow. \textsuperscript{18} Thus, ventilatory support using NIV may
avoid IMV and its complications in most cases.\textsuperscript{19}

The treatment of bronchiolitis depends on its severity since this
disease may impair lung function on the fifth day. Thus, oxygen therapy
is designated and changed to NIV in case of increased severity,
progressing to intubation with IMV in case of NIV failure. In this
sense, the three measures are related, and the inverse process may also
occur (i.e., an extubated patient may need NIV followed by oxygen
therapy in case of improved condition). These measures are commonly
combined with salbutamol, hypertonic solution, and bronchodilators,
especially in children with respiratory distress and requiring
nasogastric tube feeding.\textsuperscript{4,5}

In this study, the risk of severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV was higher
in male than female children, possibly due to differences in lung
structure, airway development, and genetic
factors.\textsuperscript{20}The present study corroborated previous
studies considering male gender, congenital heart disease, and young age
(from one to six months) as risk factors for bronchiolitis; these
conditions require bronchial washing and aspiration due to excess
mucus.\textsuperscript{21-23} The comorbidities with the highest risk
for bronchiolitis were congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary
dysplasia.\textsuperscript{20}

Children younger than 24 months old, with less than 37 gestational
weeks, and low weight birth also presented an increased risk for
prolonged hospitalization in PICU.\textsuperscript{17,24} Although the
hospitalization period was not associated with aspiration, children
under IMV and NIV were hospitalized for longer than those without IMV
and NIV. Even with technological advances in ventilatory support, which
reduced hospitalization costs and period and support-related lung
injury, the most severe cases required IMV, NIV, and prolonged
hospitalization to obtain clinical improvement and
stability.\textsuperscript{12,24,25,26}

In the present study, the hospitalization period ranged from 5 to 15
days in cases requiring IMV or NIV, with a mean of 12 days in PICU and
15.71 days of the total hospitalization period. Also, 94.52\% of
children were discharged to the ward, and two were discharged for home
care. In this sense, the hospitalization period was directly associated
with the virus incubation (about four to five days) and factors
increasing the condition severity. Long hospitalization was previously
associated with high costs, emotional burdens, and health-related
issues.\textsuperscript{21} Parents accompanying the children during
hospitalization missed workdays, affecting their income. In addition,
anxiety was associated with the children condition, which may cause
long-term consequences for the family.\textsuperscript{21}

\section*{CONCLUSION}

{\label{conclusion}}

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may have limited the sample size
since one of the PICU became a reference in pediatric treatment for this
disease simultaneously to the focus of bronchiolitis, and the number of
beds was allocated and reduced for other respiratory diseases. Also,
social distancing reduced the exposure to etiological agents of
bronchiolitis since the children did not go to schools or daycare
centers, and some parents performed home office, reducing the cases
between 2020 and 2021.

In conclusion, RSV was the main causative agent of bronchiolitis.
Prematurity, male gender, low weight, age below six months, and
congenital heart disease were associated with severe bronchiolitis that
tended to progress with ARF and especially SARS. IMV was beneficial for
children with severe bronchiolitis since it reduced mortality and
improved clinical condition. However, bronchiolitis is still
challenging, requiring protocols and multidisciplinary teamwork to
minimize the morbidity caused by this disease and IMV. Thus, further
studies need to address this issue to help health professionals classify
the severity of bronchiolitis.

\textbf{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}

I would like to thank the PICUS teams of the hospital and Dr. Teresa
Cristina Saddi Godinho, coordinator of one of the PICU, for helping and
discussing pertinent issues, for her contributions and guidance
throughout the course of the research.

\section*{REFERENCES}

{\label{references}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Canto RC, Peixe AAF. Bronquiolite viral aguda. In: Sarmento GJV,
  Carvalho FA, Peixe AAF. Fisioterapia respirat\selectlanguage{ngerman}ória em pediatria e
  neonatologia. 2\textsuperscript{nd} ed. Barueri: Manole; 2011. p.
  97-106.
\item
  Ciarlitto C, Vittuci AC, Antilci L, Concato C, Di Camillo C, Zangari
  P, et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus A and B: three bronchiolitis
  seasons in a third-level hospital in Italy. Ital J Pediatr
  2019;45(1):115.
\item
  American Academy Of Pediatrics Subcommittee On Diagnosis And
  Management Of Bronchiolitis. Diagnosis and management of
  bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1774-93.
\item
  Nascimento SMN. Características epidemiológicas de pacientes com
  bronquiolite viral aguda internados em UTI pediátrica de hospital
  privado em Salvador {[}Monography{]}. Salvador (BA): Faculdade de
  Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia; 2014.
\item
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