Mediator Evidence Pathogen Reference
Lipids
LXA4
Virus
In vitro and in vivo (macrophages), 5-LO deficient cells fail to develop M2 macrophage polarization, leading to exuberant pneumonitis and peri bronchiolitis Respiratory sincicial virus (RSV) Shirei et al., 2014
Inhibition of lipoxins production and increased lethality of mice infected with the H5N1 VN/1203 strain IAV Cilloniz et al., 2010
Bacteria
Decreased bacterial burden of 5-LO KO mice Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bafica et al. 2005
Increased lung bacterial burden and lethality of infected mice associated with inhibition of LXA4 production Mycobacterium tuberculosis Peres et al., 2007
LXA4 diminished P. gingivalis aggregation via integrins activation Porphyromonas gingivalis Börgeson et al., 2011
LXA4 diminished tissue injury and COX-2 levels Porphyromonas gingivalis Pouliot et al., 2000
Inhibition of inflamasome and autophagy inR AW264.7 exposed to P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) Porphyromonas gingivalis Zhao et al., 2021
15-Epi-LXA4 treatment enhanced bacterial clearance Escherichia coli Sekheri et al., 2020
Decrease of IL-6 and TNF when combined with antibiotic treatment Escherichia coli Ueda et al., 2014
Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators Salmonella typhimurium Gewirtz et al., 1998
Pharmacological inhibition of LXA4 receptor resulted in more pulmonary edema and increased bacterial loads in the lungs and systemically Pneumococcal pneumonia Siegel et al., 2021
Anti-inflammatory effects during cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in a rat model Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) Walker et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2014
Resolvins (D, E, and T series)
Virus
Decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ACE2 expression with RvD6 treatment in vitro SARS-CoV-2 Pham et al., 2021
in vitro, diminished levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 with RvD1 and RvD2 treatment SARS-CoV-2 Recchiuti e tal, 2021
AT-RvD1 ameliorates lung inflammation, without altering viral loads H3N2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection Wang et al., 2017
Decreased mRNA levels of TNF and IL-8 in pNHBE cells with RvD1 treatment without affecting viral load H3N2 Guo et al., 2020
RvD1 treatment decreased inflammation parameters, although failed to decrease viral laods in vivo Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Rajasagi et al., 2017
RvE1 decreased inflammation and IL-6, IFN-γ and CXCL-1 levels in the cornea HSV-1 Rajasagi et al., 2011
RvE1 restored M2 phenotype of 5-LO macrophages in vitro RSV Shirey et al., 2014
Bacteria
RvD1 promotes resolution of inflammation in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis Pseudomonas aureoginosa Lee et al., 2022; Carion et al., 2019
RvD1 and D5 treatment reduced bacterial loads, inflammation and rescued mice from death Citrobacter rodentium Diaz et al., 2017
RvD2 promotes the resolution of inflammation and bacterial clearance Staphylococcus aureus Chiang et al., 2015
RvD2 promotes the resolution of inflammation and bacterial clearance Escherichia coli Chiang et al., 2015
RvD4 enhanced efferocytosis in vivo Staphylococcus aureus Winkler et al., 2016
Decrease in the production of pro inflammatory cytokines via RvD1 treatment in human macrophages LPS and Escherichia coli Palmer et al., 2011
RvD1 and D5 decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and increased phagocytosis of bacteria by human machrophages Escherichia coli Chiang et al., 2012
RvD3 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production and accelerates resolution Escherichia coli Norris et al., 2018
RvD1 treatment decreased inflammation, increased bacterial clearance and survival of mice CLP Chen et al., 2014
RvD1 treatment decreased inflammation in a model of sepsis induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) of sepsis induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) Murakami et al., 2011
RvD1 and D5 decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and increased phagocytosis of bacteria by human macrophages and neutrophils Escherichia coli Chiang et al., 2012
RvD1 treatment reduced bacterial burden and lung inflammation during infection in mice Pseudomonas aureoginosa Codagnone et al., 2018
AT-RvD1 treatment decreased leukocyte influx and production of pro inflammatory cytokines and increased bacterial clearance during Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in mice Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) Croasdell et al., 2016
Treatment with AT-RvD1 1h post infection enhanced the clearance of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine model of pneumonia Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abdulnour et al., 2016
AT-RvD1 treatment decreased lung inflammation and lung pneumoccocal load in the lungs Streptococcus pneumoniae Wang etal, 2017
17-epi-RvD1 restored human neutrophils apoptosis in vitro and decreased bacterial load during E. coli infection in the lungs Escherichia coli Sekheri et al., 2020
RvD1 treatment decreased lung inflammation and decreased bacterial burden in cystic fibrosis infected mice Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isopi et al., 2020
RvD1 treatment alone or in combination with ceftazidime accelerate the resolution of inflammation in the lungs Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gao et al., 2020
AT-RvD1 treatment attenuated renal inflammation in a model of CLP in BALB/C mice CLP model Silva et al., 2021
RvD1 and RvD2 (individually) treatment diminished bacterial load in the kidneys in a model of S. aureus infection Staphylococcus aureus Svahn et al., 2016
RvD2 treatment decreased bacterial loads in the lungs during P. aureoginosa infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa Walker et al., 2022; Sundarasivarao et al., 2022
RvE1 treatment decreased inflammation and increased bacterial loads during E. coli infection Escherichia coli Seki et al., 2010
RvE1 treatment increased antimicrobial activity and decreased bacterial load against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Abdullatif et al., 2022
decreased inflammation during P. gingivalis infection in mice and in rabbit treated with RvE1 Porphyromonas gingivalis Hasturk et al., 2007
RvE1 attenuated inflammation and reduced bacterial load in a CLP model and diminished the levels of IL-1B, IL-6 and CCL-2 in LPS stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) CLP model Chen et al., 2020
Resolvins of T series prevented NET formation in vitro and decreased bacterial load and neutrophil influx during S. aureus infection in vivo Staphylococcus aureus Chiang et al., 2022
Maresins
Bacteria
Mar-1 decreased bacterial intracellular growth Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ruiz et al., 2019
MCTR3 alone or in combination with MCTR1 decreased lung inflammation and bacterial burden during Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Tavares et al., 2022
Virus
Mar-1 decreased inflammation and viral transcripts during RSV infection RSV Krishnamoorthy et al., 2023
Protectin
Bacteria
Improved levels of IL-10, TGF-β and IL-4 in the intestinal tract via PD1 in a model of gut dysbiosis Gut dysbiosis Ariyoshi et al., 2021
PD1 treatment increased uptake of E. coli by human macrophage and neutrophil Escherichia coli Hamidzadeh et al., 2022; Chiang et al., 2012
PD1 treatment decreased bacterial burden in mice infecte with L. monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes Bang et al., 2021
Virus
Topic treatment with PD1 during HSV decreased inflammation in rodent model RSV Rajasagi et al., 2013
Intranasal treatment with PD1 and PCTR1 decreased inflammation and genomic viral load during RSV infection RSV Walker et al., 2021
Decreased viral replication of H1N1 and H5N1 in A549 cells IAV Morita et al., 2013
Improved survival rates of mice infected with H1N1 IAV Morita et al., 2013
α-MSH
Bacteria
Decrease in the phagocytosis of unopsonized E. coli and S. aureus by RAW 264.7 Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Phan and Taylor, 2013
Downregulation of TLR2 expression induced byS. aureus in human keratinocytes Staphylococcus aureus Ryu et al., 2015
α-MSH decreased levels of IL-6 induced by LPS in rats LPS induced model Huang and Tatro, 1998
Virus
α-MSH reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood of HIV patients HIV Catania et al., 1998
GILZ
Bacteria
Increased lung lesion and bacterial burden during bacterial infection in GILZ KO mice Streptococcus pneumoniae Souza et al., 2022
Enhanced bacterial clearance in CLP model associated with increased expression of GILZ restricted to macrophages CLP model Ellouze et al., 2020
Up-regulation of GILZ associated with reduced mortality induced by LPS in mice LPS-induced Ng et al., 2020
AnxA1
Bacteria
AnxA1 treatment decreased bacterial burden and inflammation in a model of meningitis induced by bacteria Streptococcus suis Ni et al., 2021
Ac2-26 treatment decreased bacterial load and inflammation in the lungs of infected mice via FPR2 receptor Streptococcus pneumoniae Machado et al., 2020
Virus
Pro-resolutive effects of Ac2-26 treatment during DENV infection DENV Costa et al., 2022
Pro-resolutive effects of AC 2-26 treatment during CHIKV infection CHIKV de Araújo et al., 2022
Ang-(1-7)
Virus
Ang-(1-7) oral administration reduced lethality, promoted resolution and decreased inflammation associated with Influenza infection H1N1 Melo et al., 2021
Mas receptor genetic ablated mice displayed 100% lethality when infected H1N1 Melo et al., 2021
Bacteria
Ang-(1-7) treatment decreased bacterial load in the lungs and reduced mortality associated with pneumococcal infection following Influenza A virus infection Streptococcus pneumoniae Melo et al., 2021
Improved phagocitic capacity of neutrophils from diabetic mice Staphylococcus aureus Soto et al., 2019
Ang-(1-7) treatment reduced inflammation associated with infection by promote M2 phenotype polarization in mice CLP model Pan et al., 2021
Ang-(1-7) treatment reduced inflammation and lethality associated with infection CLP model Tsai et al., 2018