Mediators Evidence Pathogen Refs
Lipids
LXA4
Virus
Downregulation of LXA4 levels in vitro. Exogenous LXA4 reduced the activation of ERK, NF-κB, and AKT pathways Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) Chandrasekharan et al., 2016
Possible downregulation LXA4 levels to modulate chromatin dynamics and favours viral cycle Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) Asha et al., 2020
Respiratory sincicial virus (RSV) Shirei et al., 2014
Lower LXA4/LTB4 ratio during co-infection RSV and Micoplasma pneumoniae co-infection Wu et al., 2016
Increase in LXA4 levels in human monocytes Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Genis et al., 1992
Decreased levels of LXA4 in Gx KO infected mice Influenza A virus (IAV) Kelvin et al., 2014
Marked increase in LXA4 levels in the BAL fluid of COVID-19 patients SARS-CoV-2 Archambault et al., 2021
Bacteria
Elevated plasma levels of LXA4 in active tuberculosis patients compared with latently infected individuals and healthy volunteeers at diagnosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nore et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2015; Kumar e tal, 2019
Virulent strains of M. tuberculosis stimulate production of LXA4, playing a deleterious effect via consequent reduction of PGE2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Chen et al., 2008; Divangahi et al., 2009
Increased LXA4 levels and decreased survival and host cell death Pseudomonas aureoginosa Dar et al., 2022
Bacterial epoxide hydrolase decreased the levels of 15-Epi-LXA4 synthesis and enhances inflammation in the BAL fluid of patients as well as in mice Pseudomonas aureoginosa Flitter et al., 2017 Hvorecny et al., 2018
Time-dependent production of LXA4 and FPR2 expression in the human skin Escherichia coli Motwani et al., 2018
Brucella abortus Fahel et al., 2015
Disturbed levels of LXA4 in the human placenta during infection Listeria monocytogenes Conner et al., 2022
Disturbed levels of LXA4 in nasal polyps Staphylococcus aureus Pérez-Novo et al., 2006
Resolvins (D, E, and T series)
Virus
Downregulation of RvD1 and RvD3 in the plasma of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Correlation between decreased levels and severity of disease SARS-CoV-2 Palmas et al., 2021
Higher levels of RvD1, D2, D4 and D5 in the BAL fluid COVID-19 patients when compared th healthy individuals SARS-CoV-2 Archambault et al., 2021
Diminished levels of RvD1 in the plasma in humans Clostridium difficile Dróżdż et al., 2020
Diminished levels of RvD1 in the serum of patients with Hansen’s disease Mycobacterium leprae Silva et al., 2017
Maresins Virus
Increased levels of Mar-1 and Mar-2 in the serum of COVID-19 patients when compared to control individuals SARS-CoV-2 Regidor et al., 2021
α-MSH
Bacteria
Cleavage of α-MSH by toxins produced by S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus Rago et al., 2000
Higher levels of α-MSH in the blood of HIV patients correlated with reduced progression of disease HIV Catania et al., 1993; Airaghi et al., 1999; Catania et al., 1994
GILZ
Virus
IBDV prevented GILZ degradation Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) He et al., 2018; Li et al., 2013
NS1 protein of RSV decreased the levels of GILZ in A549 cells RSV Marketon et al., 2014
Bacteria
Up-regulation of GILZ levels by Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile in vitro Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile Köberle et al., 2012
Lower expression of GILZ in monocytes from septic patients Septic shock Ellouze et al., 2020
Increased expression of GILZ restricted to macrophages CLP model Ellouze et al., 2020
AnxA1 Parasite
Enhanced levels of AnxA1 in the spleen of infected mice Schistosoma japonicum Burke et al., 2010
Enhanced levels of AnxA1 in the cytoplasm of liver cells of golden hamsters Opisthorchis viverrini Hongsrichan et al., 2014
Increased levels of AnxA1 in human neutrophils and RPE cells Toxoplasma gondii Mimura et al., 2012
Bacteria
Up-regulated levels of AnxA1 in both skin and serum of patients Mycobacterium leprae Ribeiro et al., 2020
Perturbed levels of AnxA1 in MDSCs of infected patients Mycobacterium leprae da Silva et al., 2021
Increase of AnxA1 levels during Rolipram + antibiotics treatment Streptococcus pneumoniae Tavares et al., 2016
Virus
Decreased levels of AnxA1 in the plasma of COVID-19 patients SARS-CoV-2 Canacik et al., 2020
increased levels of severe COVID-19 patients compared to mild patients SARS-CoV-2 Ural et al., 2022
Increased expression levels of AnxA1 in circulating monocytes of COVID-19 convalescent patients SARS-CoV-2 Wen et al., 2020
H1N1 infection up-regulates FPR2 expression in vitro H1N1 Ampomah et al., 2018