2.8 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay
The release of cytoplasmic LDH is indicative of compromised cell
membrane integrity, which signifies cellular demise41. The LDH content
in the cell supernatants was quantified using an LDH kit, following the
instructions provided by the manufacturer. The medium solution was added
to each well of a 24-well plate placed within an optically clear 96-well
plate for subsequent coupled enzymatic reaction. The LDH Reaction Mix
was added to each well, mixed thoroughly, and incubated at 37℃ for 30
minutes to generate a brownish-red product. The absorbance of the
product was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm using a microplate
reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA).