3. Conclusions
Laccase enzymes are outstanding green versatile sustainable biocatalysts
that can be applied in numerous biotechnological and industrial
processes. However, laccase research has mostly been carried out on
laboratory scale and under controlled conditions which does not reflect
the conditions encountered in industrial settings. Low productivity, low
stability and limited reusability are the main issues that challenge the
production and application of laccase enzymes on an industrial scale.
Past research focused on increasing laccase production by different
methods and enhancing its stability, resilience and reusability by
immobilisation. However, there still exist concerns about the
cost-effectiveness of the developed approaches what makes their
industrial feasibility questionable. Briefly, the following gaps in
laccase research have to be considered in future studies:
techno-economic analyses, large scale studies and laccase application
under industrial conditions. It is expected that laccase technology can
compete economically with the existing ones and provide a green and
sustainable wastewater treatment.