Figure 1 . Distribution of rainfall and Open Nahele plots (black dots) across three main islands of the Hawaiian archipelago studied here. The analysis including relatively uninvaded plots (i.e., < 40% individuals of alien species) is composed of 282 plots (Hawai’i Island n=190, Maui Nui n= 74 and O’ahu Island n= 18). The analysis, including both uninvaded plots and highly invaded plots (> 40% individuals of alien species), is composed of 375 plots (Hawai’i Island n=254, Maui Nui n= 86 and O’ahu Island n= 35). Rainfall units (mm) are based on mean annual precipitation i.e., mm/year. Island age (Ma) correspond to million years.