Figure 3 . Species turnover across the precipitation gradient in
three Hawaiian islands. Relationship between (a) beta diversity of
native tree species (i.e., relatively uninvaded plots) and mean annual
precipitation difference between plot pairs (b) and beta diversity of
both native and alien tree species (i.e., highly invaded plots) and mean
annual precipitation difference between plot pairs. Species turnover
(based on BetaC sensu Engel et al., 2021) represents levels of
species specialization across dry to wet ecosystems.
Supplementary material
Island age modulates the
relationship between precipitation and multiple facets of diversity in
the Hawaiian archipelago