Figure 3 . Species turnover across the precipitation gradient in three Hawaiian islands. Relationship between (a) beta diversity of native tree species (i.e., relatively uninvaded plots) and mean annual precipitation difference between plot pairs (b) and beta diversity of both native and alien tree species (i.e., highly invaded plots) and mean annual precipitation difference between plot pairs. Species turnover (based on BetaC sensu Engel et al., 2021) represents levels of species specialization across dry to wet ecosystems.
Supplementary material
Island age modulates the relationship between precipitation and multiple facets of diversity in the Hawaiian archipelago