Main findings
We evaluated the impact of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening and treatment on preterm birth or low birth weight among asymptomatic pregnant woman in Gaborone, Botswana. The intervention arm had a lower predicted prevalence of a composite outcome of preterm or low birth weight compared to the standard-of-care, after adjustment for parity, antenatal care visits, hypertension during pregnancy, and clinic site; however, the confidence intervals were wide. In post hoc analysis among nulliparous women, the intervention appeared to reduce the odds of preterm birth or low birth weight outcomes by 80%, necessitating further research into reasons for a differential effect.