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\begin{document}

\title{The thermal breadth of temperate and tropic freshwater insects supports
the Climate Variability Hypothesis}



\author[1]{Beatrice Dewenter}%
\author[2]{Alisha Shah}%
\author[3]{Jane Hughes}%
\author[4]{LeRoy Poff}%
\author[1]{Ross Thompson}%
\author[1]{Ben Kefford}%
\affil[1]{University of Canberra}%
\affil[2]{Michigan State University}%
\affil[3]{Griffith University}%
\affil[4]{Colorado State University}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Climate change involves increases in mean temperature and changes in
temperature variability at multiple temporal scales. Research on species
response to climate change has focussed on changes in mean temperature.
Thus, there is a need to consider how species will respond to changes in
temperature variability. The Climate Variability Hypothesis (CVH)
provides a conceptual framework for exploring potential effects of
annual scale thermal variability across climatic zones. The CVH predicts
ectotherms in temperate regions tolerate a wider range of temperatures
than those in tropical regions in response to greater annual variability
in temperate regions. However, various other aspects of thermal regimes
(e.g. diel variability), organisms' size and taxonomic identity may also
influence thermal tolerance. Indeed, high temperatures in the tropics
have been proposed as constraining organisms' ability to tolerate a wide
range of temperatures, implying that high annual maximum temperatures
would be associated with tolerating a narrow range of temperatures. We
measured thermal regimes and critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin)
of insects in the orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera
(stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) along elevation gradients in
streams in temperate and tropical regions of eastern Australia and
tested the CVH by determining which variables were most correlated with
thermal breadth (Tbr = CTmax - CTmin). Consistent with the CVH, Tbr
tended to increase with increasing annual temperature range and
increasing body size. Tbr was generally wider in Plecoptera than in
Ephemeroptera or Trichoptera. We found no evidence that higher annual
maximum temperature constrained individuals' abilities to tolerate a
wide range of temperatures. The support for the CVH we document,
suggests that temperate organisms may be able to tolerate wider range of
temperatures than tropical organisms. There is an urgent need to
investigate other aspects of thermal regimes, such as diel temperature
cycling and minimum temperature.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`Aust test of CVH.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/653194/articles/660297-the-thermal-breadth-of-temperate-and-tropic-freshwater-insects-supports-the-climate-variability-hypothesis}

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