Competition and herbivory exclusion field experiment
The EG and DG plants were transplanted as in the field competition experiment in October 2021, 15 cm apart to exclude competition. The transplantation site (4 × 4 × 2.3 m) was covered with a mesh (warp: 0.6 mm, weft: 0.2 mm, KwangSin fabrics, Korea) to exclude aboveground herbivory. The rosette diameter was measured from March to April 2022. The number of branches and the total branch length were measured from April to June 2022. The number of flowers was counted from May to June 2022.