2.1.4 DEM data
The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data were obtained from the Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn/), specifically the SRTMDEM 90m resolution raw elevation data in TIFF format. In this study, we utilized the slope, slope direction, and focus statistics, as well as the raster calculator tools of ArcGIS 10.8 software, to generate the slope, slope direction, and topographic relief data for the study area, respectively.