Data availability

The hourly ERA5 data used for this study are available at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 but were accessed through the IBM PAIRS Geoscope (https://ibmpairs.mybluemix.net). The TMCF distribution was obtained from the United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Center and is available from Aldrich et al. (1997). The distribution of biogeographic realms is available in Dinerstein et al. (2017). A dataset with trends, mean estimates, and a global raster of ΔCF is available at the Tropi-Dry Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/A25Q8V).