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\begin{document}

\title{A substorm-dependent negative limit of non-eclipse surface charging of a
Chinese geosynchronous satellite}



\author[1]{Zhiyi Fu}%
\author[1]{Zhenpeng Su}%
\author[1]{Bin Miao}%
\author[1]{Zhiyong Wu}%
\author[1]{Yiren Li}%
\author[2]{Kai Liu}%
\author[1]{Xu Shan}%
\author[3]{Yuming Wang}%
\affil[1]{University of Science and Technology of China}%
\affil[2]{University of Science \& Techology of China}%
\affil[3]{Univ. of Sci. and Tech. of China}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Surface charging is one of the most common causes of spacecraft
anomalies. When and to what potential the spacecraft is charged are two
important questions in space weather. Here, for a Chinese geosynchronous
navigation satellite, we infer the extreme negative surface charging
potentials from the ion differential fluxes measured by a low-energy ion
spectrometer. Without the solar eclipse effect away from the midnight,
the charging potentials are found to have a negative limit which is
determined by the maximum SuperMAG electrojet index in the preceding 2
hr. Such an empirical relation can be reasonably explained by the
dependence of 1--50 keV electron fluxes on substorm strength. Similar
relations may also exist for other inner magnetospheric spacecraft in
the non-eclipse region, which would be useful for spacecraft engineering
and space weather alerts.%
\end{abstract}%



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