Human studies
In human studies, TA showed improvements regarding SF concentration of OA biomarkers, with an elevated risk of worsening radiographic changes following injection (Lattermann et al., 2017; Okike et al., 2021).
Despite being a feature associated with TH, which showed worsening radiographic scores in 41% of patients included in Nunes-Tamashiro et al. (2022), these numbers were significantly higher in the control group (76%). No significant changes were found in ultrasonography regarding synovial hypertrophy after TH injection (Mendes et al., 2019).
MPA, assessed only by one paper, improved SM immunohistochemistry; however, no other disease-modifying osteoarthritis (DMOA) measures were evaluated (Young et al., 2001).
One study did not specify corticosteroid type but reported no significant changes regarding the risk of total knee arthroplasty or radiographic worsening after IA injection at the five-year follow-up (Latourte et al., 2022).