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\begin{document}

\title{On the Mechanisms Driving Latent Heat Flux Variations in the Northwest
Tropical Atlantic}



\author[1]{Pablo Fernández}%
\author[2]{Sabrina Speich}%
\author[3]{Hugo Bellenger}%
\author[4]{Diego Lange Vega}%
\author[5]{Johannes Karstensen}%
\author[6]{Dongxiao Zhang}%
\author[7]{Cesar Barbedo Rocha}%
\affil[1]{École Normale Supérieure}%
\affil[2]{Ecole Normale Supérieure}%
\affil[3]{LMD CNRS}%
\affil[4]{University of Hohenheim}%
\affil[5]{Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)}%
\affil[6]{JISAO/UW and NOAA/PMEL}%
\affil[7]{University of São Paulo}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Northwest Tropical Atlantic (NWTA) is a region with complex surface
ocean circulation. The most prominent feature is the North Brazil
Current (NBC) and its retroflection at 8\selectlanguage{ngerman}ºN that leads to the formation
of numerous mesoscale eddies known as NBC rings. The NWTA also receives
the outflow of the Amazon River, generating freshwater plumes that can
extend up to 100,000 km\textsuperscript{2}. These two processes affect
the spatial variability of the region's surface latent heat flux (LHF).
First, the presence of surface freshwater modifies the vertical
stratification of the ocean limiting the amount of heat that can be
released to the atmosphere. Second, they create a highly heterogeneous
mesoscale sea-surface temperature (SST) field that directly influences
near-surface atmospheric circulation. These effects are illustrated byd
from the ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte -
Ocean Atmosphere (EUREC\textsuperscript{4}A-OA) and Atlantic Tradewind
Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) experiments, satellite
and reanalysis data. We decompose the LHF budget into several terms
controlled by different atmospheric and oceanic processes to identify
the mechanisms leading to LHF changes. We find LHF variations of up to
160 W m\textsuperscript{2}, of which 100 W m\textsuperscript{2} are
associated with wind speed changes and 40 W m\textsuperscript{2} with
SST variations. Surface currents or stratification-change associated
heat release remain as second-order contributions with LHF variations of
less than 10 W m\textsuperscript{2} each. Although this study is limited
by the paucity of collocated observations, it highlights the importance
of considering these three components to properly characterize LHF
variability at different spatial scales.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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