\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[polish,ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{A new species of Onosma L. (subsect: Asterotricha, Boraginaceae) from
western Iran}



\author[1]{Mahfooz Advay}%
\author[2]{Farideh Attar}%
\author[2]{Ahmad Saman}%
\affil[1]{University of Tehran}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Onosma safaie-fari (in subsect. Asterotricha) is described and
introduced as new species from Kurdistan province. O. safaie-fari
morphological similar to O. qandilica, however, it is seperated by
sterile shoot and cauline leaves shape; fruiting calyx length, calyx
lobes shape and width, corolla length, corolla color and anthers length.
Also Onosma safaie-fari closed to O. bisotunensis but it is
differentiated by sterile shoot and cauline leaves shape, lower bract
shape and length; length of fruiting calyx; corolla color and length;
free part of filaments length, position of filaments arising from
corolla and anthers length.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\emph{Onosma safaie-fari (in subsect. Asterotricha) is described and
introduced as new species from Kurdistan province. O. safaie-fari
morphological similar to O. qandilica, however, it is seperated by
sterile shoot and cauline leaves shape; fruiting calyx length, calyx
lobes shape and width, corolla length, corolla color and anthers length.
Also Onosma safaie-fari closed to O. bisotunensis but it is
differentiated by sterile shoot and cauline leaves shape, lower bract
shape and length; length of fruiting calyx; corolla color and length;
free part of filaments length, position of filaments arising from
corolla and anthers length.}

\emph{Onosma} L. (Boraginaceae) is one of the richest genus as
characteristic member of the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region
element with 240 species (He \emph{et al} ., 2020). Most of the taxa
distributed in Northwest Africa, Western and Central Asia, Europe, and
Mediterranean area, in steppe and open areas, and rocky, sandy soils
(Meusel \emph{et al} ., 1978; Kolar\selectlanguage{polish}č\selectlanguage{english}ik \emph{et al} ., 2015; Binzet
2016; Weigend \emph{et al} ., 2016; Cecchi \emph{et al} ., 2016; Chac\selectlanguage{ngerman}ón
\emph{et al} ., 2017; Nasrollahi \emph{et al} ., 2019).

Maximum concentration of diversity centers located in Turkey (ca. 104
taxa) and Iran (ca. 70 taxa) (Teppner 1991; Binzet \emph{et al} ., 2014,
Firat \& Binzet, 2022). \emph{Onosma} is a very variable genus with
various chromosome numbers and ploidy levels (Cecchi et al., 2016), and
still subgeneric classification is unclear. The earlier taxonomic study
on \emph{Onosma} provided a primary classification of two sections.
(\emph{Eu} ) \emph{Onosma} Alph. DC. and \emph{Aponosma} Alph. DC.,
based on calyx lobes, corolla and indumentum of tubercles (De Candolle
1846). Later, Schur (1866), and Borbás (1877), used indumentum features
as the most important diagnostic character in \emph{Onosma} , which has
been used extensively so far (Mehrabian et al., 2014, Cecchi et al.,
2016). In addition, Boissier (1879) provided the first taxonomic
classification dividing all \emph{Onosma} species based on trichome
types into three groups including \emph{Haplotricha} Boiss. (lack
setae),\emph{Heterotricha} Boiss. (possess an intermediate indumentum
type) and\emph{Asterotricha} Boiss. (stellate setae). However, taxonomic
treatments within these three groups are highly controversial. Because
many similar species described based on minor morphological differences,
and consequently they have often been confused (V. Kolarc\selectlanguage{english}Vik \emph{et
al} ., 2010). Riedl (1967) defined three sections for \emph{Onosma} in
Flora Iranica: \emph{Protonosma} Popov (\emph{O. rostellata}
Lehm.),\emph{Podonosma} (Boiss.) Gurcke (\emph{O. orientalis} L.)
and\emph{Onosma} with two subsections: \emph{Onosma} (including 50 taxa)
and \emph{Asterotricha} (Boiss.) Gurke (including 14 taxa). Presently in
Iran \emph{Onosma} contain \emph{Asterotricha} (27
species),\emph{Heterotricha} (9 species) and \emph{Haplotricha} (36
species). In Iran genus \emph{Onosma} is concentrated on the Alborz and
Zagros mountain ranges and the central plateau mountains of Iran
(Attar\emph{et al} ., 2020). Western parts of Iran is one of the most
important endemism hotspot for this genus in the world (Naghizadeh
\emph{et al} ., 2017, Moradi Zeinab \emph{et al} ., 2020). Hawraman
region is the between Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, is a narrow
geographic range, one of the species rich region of \emph{Onosma}
consisting of ca 30\% of species reported in Iran.

\textbf{Materials and Methods}

Specimens of \emph{Onosma safaie-fari} was collected during extensive
fieldwork, during the years 2020--2022 in the Hawraman mountain,
Kurdistan province by the first author. All the specimens compared with
diagnostic keys reported in Floras (Parsa, 1949; Popov, 1953; Riedl,
1967, 1979; Khatamsaz, 2002) and recent new species in
subsect.\emph{Asterotricha} (Ghahreman and Attar, 1996; Mehrabian
\emph{et al} ., 2013; Mehrabian and Mozaffarian, 2018; Attar \emph{et
al} ., 2007, 2020 and 2021). Images of the relevant specimens at W, E,
K, BM, P, TUH, HUH, S, TARI, IRAN, MIR, KBFH, and SAV were checked in
JSTOR and the databases of these herbaria.

We measure several quantitative and qualitative morphological key
characters of this species (table 1). Indumentum and nutlet were
profiled and photographed by a Dino-Lite digital microscope AM413T. The
holotypes are deposited and preserved in TUH Herbarium.

Results \& Discussion

Figure 1. Distribution of \emph{Onosma safaie-fari} ,
\emph{O.qandilica}and \emph{O. bisotunensis}

\emph{Onosma safaie-fari} \textbf{Advay, Attar \& Ahmad \emph{sp. nov}.
(sect. \emph{Onosma}, subsect. \emph{Asterotricha})(Fig. 3 A-B, 4 A-I)}

\textbf{Type} : Iran, Kurdistan province, Marivan to Paveh, Avroman
(spelled Hawraman) mountains (Tata passive), 2120 m a.s.l., 35@\selectlanguage{english}12'13''
N, 46@\selectlanguage{english}16'35'' E, 30 June 2020, \emph{Advay 6008} (holotype TUH!) (Fig.
1, table 1).

\textbf{Etymology}

This new species named after Mohammad Reza Safaie-Fari in recognition of
his activities in the field of conservation in Hawraman region of
Kurdistan province in Iran.

Morphology

\emph{Onosma safaie-fari} closely related to \emph{O. qandilica} Rech.
f. \& H. Riedl as endemic taxon to Iraq, Kurdistan province; it has
elliptical-lanceolate sterile shoot and cauline leaves (vs.
obovate-lanceolate); setae adpressed, short and irregular ( vs. setae
with densely short hairs and regular); fruiting calyx with 15--17 mm
long ( vs. fruiting calyx 14--15 mm), calyx lobes lanceolate with 1--2
mm wide (vs. calyx lobes linear with 1 mm), calyx lobes united to near
apex (vs. calyx lobes free at the base); corolla with 15--18 mm long,
yellow, rarely pinkish at apex and then becoming blue-whitish (vs.
corolla with 10--13 mm, white, yellowish becoming coerulescene); anthers
7--8 mm long (vs. anthers 5--6 mm) (Table, 1). Also \emph{O.
safaie-fari} closed to \emph{O. bisotunensis} Attar \& Hamzeh'ee, is
taxon in west of Iran\emph{;} However, it has elliptical-lanceolate
sterile shoot and cauline leaves (vs. ovate-spathulate); fruiting calyx
with 15--17 mm long ( vs. fruiting calyx with 12--13 mm), corolla 15--18
mm long, yellow, rarely pinkish at apex then becoming blue-whitish (vs.
corolla 18--19 mm, yellow becoming dark blue); lower bract 7--8 mm long
and lineari (vs. lower bract 10--18 mm and lanceolate); free part of
filament 1--2 mm long ( vs. free part of filament 2--3 mm); filament
arising from near at the base corolla (vs. filament arising from middle
corolla); anthers 8--8.5 mm long ( vs. anthers 7--8 mm) (Table, 1).

Description

Perennial, woody base, with several stem, 30--35 cm tall, erect,
greenish to yellowish, adpressed setae, densely pubescent. Basal and
lowermost cauline leaves broadly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, acute,
3--6 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 2--3 cm; medium and upper stem leaves lanceolate,
elliptical-oblanceolate, 2.5--5 × 0.5--2 cm, sessile; indumentum not
appressed setae, tubercles indistinct, stellate hairy
(subsect.\emph{Asterotricha} ), irregular, short to sublong, dense,
between setae with densely short hairs. Inflorescence 4--6 cm long,
elongating to 8--10 cm long in fruiting stage, scorpioid; cymes dense
with 8--12 flowers and sometimes with sterile flowers at terminal cymes;
bracts lineari, 7--8 mm long; pedicels 3--7 mm long; flowering calyx
10--12 mm long, accrescent in fruiting stage, 15--17 mm long; calyx
lobes lanceolate, 5--6 long and 1--2 mm wide, spreading white densely
setose outside especially at base, two lobes united at apex; corolla
15--18 mm long, cylindrical-campanulate, yellow, rarely pinkish becoming
to whitish or blue at apex, corolla pubescent outside ½ upper half,
glabrous inside, corolla lobes 1.5--3 mm long and 1--2 mm wide, round,
with a few short setae at apex; free part of filaments 1--2 mm long;
filament arising from near to base corolla, anthers 7 mm long, sterile
apex; annulus nectariferous hairy (Figs. 2, 3, 4).

Table 1. Comparison of diagnostic morphological characters
between\emph{O. safaie-fari} and its related

Ecology and phenology

\emph{O. safaie-fari} distributed in western Iran (Fig. 1), border
mountain between of Iran and Iraq (Fig. 5). It is an Irano-Turanian
phytogeographical element and grows in mountainous steppe, above
timberline, nearly melting snow, 2000--2500 m a.s.l., in association
with \emph{Astragalus brachycalyx} Fisch. ex Boiss. (1849:
90),\emph{Prangos ferulacea} (L.) Lindl. (1825: 7), \emph{Eryngium
Billardieri} F. Delaroche. (1980: 2005), \emph{Scorzonera}
spp.,\emph{Daphne mucronata} Royle. (1836: 322), \emph{Cerasus
microcarpa}(C. A. Mey.) Boiss. (1867: 646), \emph{Achillea aleppica} DC.
(1836: 296), \emph{Marrubium} spp., \emph{Elymus hispidus} (Opiz)
Melderis subsp. \emph{barbulatus} (Schur) Melderis (1978: 381). \emph{O.
safaie-fari} is known from the few locality. Flowering and fruiting time
has been recorded in June.

Distribution and suggested conservation status

\emph{Onosma safaie-fari} is observed in a restricted area of Avroman
(Hawraman) in Kurdistan province with an estimated area of occupancy
less than 5000 km2. The species is classified as critically endangered
(CR) is proposed following the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2022).

Figure 2. \emph{O. safaie-fari} , A. Plant habit, B. Stem leaves (Photos
by: Advay).

Figure 3. \emph{O. safaie-fari.} A. plant habit; B \& C. part of
inflorescence. D. inside of corolla; E. calyx lobes; F. nutlet; G. H \&
I. indumentum of upper and lower leaf surface respectively showing
adpressed setae with irregular stellate-hairy tubercles (Photos by:
Advay).

Figure 4. A \& B. habitat of \emph{O. safaie-fari,} border mountain
between of Iran and Iraq (Photos by: B. Sharifi).

Additional specimens examined for that and closest species:

O. \emph{safaie-fari} Iran: Kurdistan: Marivan to Paveh, Avroman
(Hawraman), Takhte Sani mountain, 2800 m, 23 June 2020, Advay 48739 TUH.
Daravian mountain, 2200 m, 30 June 2020, Advay 48718 TUH. Golli
mountain, 2070 m, 15 June 2022, Advay 48774 TUH. \emph{O.
qandilica}Rech. f. \& H. Iraq: Kurdistan: Arbil: M. Qandil, 2000 m,
Rech. 11205 (Type photo!). \emph{O. bisotunensis} Attar \& Hamzeh'ee,
Iran: Kermanshah: Kermanshah\textbf{-} Kamyaran rd., Vermanjeh,
1500--1700 m, 15 Apr. 2001, Behnam Hamzeh'ee \& Unes Asri 80844
(holotype, TARI!).

\textbf{Diagnostic key to new species and their relateds:}

1. Corolla yellow, more than 15 mm
length\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}..\ldots{}..\ldots{}..2

--Corolla white, less than 15 mm
length\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\emph{O.
qandilica}

2. Free part of filament length, 2mm \ldots{}\ldots{}
\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}..\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}.\ldots{}\emph{O.bisotunensis}

-- Free part of filament length, 7 mm \ldots{}\ldots{}
\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}\ldots{}..\ldots{}\ldots{}.\ldots{}

\emph{O. safaie-fari}

\textbf{Reference}

Attar F., Sotoodeh A. and Mirtadzadini M. 2020. Four new species in
subsection Asterotricha for the genus \emph{Onosma} L. (Boraginaceae)
from flora of Iran. Feddes Repertorium, 131: 146--158. Attar, F. and
Hamzehee B. 2007. \emph{Onosma bisotunensis}(Boraginaceae), a New
Species from Western Iran. Novon 17: 279--281. Attar, F., Amini Rad M.
and Mirtadzadini M. 2021. \emph{Onosma alburzensis} (Boraginacea), a new
species from central Alburz mountains, North Iran. Iranian Journal of
Botany. 27 (2). Binzet R., Erkara I. P.,~\selectlanguage{english} \selectlanguage{english}zler O. and Pehlivan H. S.
2014. Pollen morphology and systematical contribution of some
\emph{Onosma}(Boraginaceae) taxa distribution in Turkey. Plant
Systematic Evolution, 300: 2135--2146. Binzet, R. 2016. Onosma
anatolica, a new species of Boraginaceae from Turkey. PhytoKeys 69:
39--49. Boissier, E. 1879. Flora Orientalis sive enumeration plantarum
in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto ad Indiae fines hucusque observatarum.
Vol. IV: Coroliflorae et Monochlamydeae. Basileae. Borb\selectlanguage{ngerman}ás, V. 1877.
Adatok Arbe és Veglia szigetek nyári flórája közelebbi ismeretéhez
(Symbolae ad floram aestivam insularum Arbe et Veglia). Mathematikai és
természettudományi közlemények 14: 365-436. Cecchi, L., A. Coppi and F.
Selvi. 2016. \emph{Onosma juliae}(Boraginaceae), a new species from
southern Turkey, with remarks on the systematics of \emph{Onosma} in the
Irano- Turanian region. Phytotaxa 288 (3): 201-213. Cecchi, L., and
Hartmut H. Hilger. 2021. A prickly matter: nomenclatural synopsis of
\emph{Onosma} L. and its segregates (Boraginaceae). Plant Biosystems. 30
Nov: 1--9. De Candolle, A.P. 1846. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni
vegetabilis, Paris: Masson vol. 10. Firat, M. and Binzet, R. 2021.
\emph{Onosma satensis} sp. nov. (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae), a new
species from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Adansonia. 43: 185-195.
Ghahreman, A., and F. Attar. 1996. A new species of the
genus\emph{onosma} from W. Iran. 5. He, Y., Xu, X. M., Zhou, Y. and Liu,
Q. R. 2020. \emph{Onosma fuyunensis} (Boraginaceae), a new species from
Xinjiang, China. Phyto-Keys 144: 11.
https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.33287 IUCN Standards and Petitions
Committee. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria. Version 15. Juliana Chacón, Federico Luebert and Maximilian
Weigend. 2017. Biogeographic Events Are Not Correlated with Diaspore
Dispersal Modes in Boraginaceae. Fron. in Ecology and Evolution. Vol. 5
No. 26: 1--14. Khatamsaz, M. 2002. Boraginaceae L. -- In: Assadi \& al.
(eds), Flora of Iran. Vol. 39. Res. Inst. Forests Rangelands, Iran. (In
Persian). Kolarc\selectlanguage{english}Vik V., Zozomova-Lihova J., and Ma\selectlanguage{ngerman}´rtonfi P. 2010.
Systematics and evolutionary history of the Asterotricha group of the
genus\emph{Onosma} (Boraginaceae) in central and southern Europe
inferred from AFLP and nrDNA ITS data, Plant Syst Evol 290: 21--45.
Linnaeus, C. 1762. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas,
ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus,
synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas,
ed. 2, vol. 1. L. Salvi, Holmia {[}Copenhagen{]}, xvi, pp.784
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11179 Mehrabian A. R., Mozaffarian
V. and Naghizadeh S., 2022. Four new species of \emph{Onosma}
(Boraginaceae) from Iran as an important diversity center of the genus
in the world, Collectanea Botanica 41: e003. pp. 1--22. Mehrabian, A.R.,
V. Mozaffarian and M. Sheidai. 2013. Three new species of \emph{Onosma}
L. (Boraginaceae) from Iran. Fedd. Repp 124
(2\textbf{-}3):69\textbf{-}79. Mehrabian, A.R., V. Mozaffarian and M.
Sheidai. 2014. Three new species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from Iran.
Fedd. Repp 124(2-3):69-79. Meusel, H., H. Jager, E. Rauschert and E.
Weinert. 1978. Vergleichend Chrologie der zentrleuropalschhen Flora. 2.
Karten. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag. Moradi Zeinab, H., A. R. Mehrabian,
S. Naghizadeh, H. Mostafavi and F. Khajoei Nasab. 2019. Distribution
patterns, diversity and conservation priorities of \emph{Onosma} L.
(Boraginaceae Juss.) in some sections of the northwestern geomorphologic
unit of Iran. Env. Sci Vol. 17/ No. 1, 73--94. Naghizadeh , S. ,
Mehrabian, A., Moradi zeinab H, Mostafavi, H. and Khajoi Nasab F. 2017.
Distribution patterns, diversity and conservation Priorities of
\emph{Onosma} L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in part of Armeno-Iranian Province
of Iran. Jour. Pl. Res. (Iran. Jour. Biol.). Naghizadeh, S. 2017.
Ecological evaluation of endemic species of\emph{Onosma} L.
(Boraginaceae) in order to protect and manage habitats in West and East
Azarbaijan provinces. MSc thesis. Shahid Beheshti Univ.,Tehran, Iran.
Naqinezhad, A., and F. Attar. 2016. \emph{Onosma ghahremanii} sp. nov.
(Boraginaceae), a new species from Alborz Mts., Iran. Phytotaxa 268:
286. Nasrollahi, F., S. Kazempour\textbf{-}Osaloo, N. Saadati, V.
Mozaffarian, and H. Zare-Maivan. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and
divergence times of \emph{Onosma} (Boraginaceae s.s.) based on nrDNA ITS
and plastid rpl 32-trn L (UAG) and trnH-psbA sequences. Nordic Journal
of Botany 37: e02060. olarcik, V., V. J. J. Zozomova-Lihova, E. Ducar
and P. Martonfi. 2015. Evolutionary significance of hybridization in
\emph{Onosma}(Boraginaceae): analyses of stabilized hemisexual
oddpolyploids and recent sterile hybrids. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc 112:
89--107. Parsa, A. 1949. \emph{Onosma} L. -- in: Flore de l'Iran, 4.
Universite de Teheran: 191--218. Popov, M. 1953. Boraginaceae. --In:
Shishkin, BK. Flora of USSR, Vol. 19. Keter Publishing House Jerusalem
Ltd. Riedl, H. 1967. Boraginaceae in Rechinger, KH (ed.) Flora Iranica
no. 48. Akademische Druck\textbf{-}u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz. Riedl, H.
1979. \emph{Onosma} L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the
east Aegean islands\emph{,} vol. 6. University Press, Edinburgh:
326--376. Schur, P.JF. 1866. Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae,
exhibens stirpes phanerogamas sponte crescentes atque frequentius
cultas, cryptogamas vasculares, charceas, etiam muscos hepaticasque. G.
Braumüller, Vindobona Wien. Teppner, H. 1991. Karyology of some Greek
\emph{Onosma} species (Boraginaceae) In: Proceedings of the
VIOPTIMA-meeting Delphi, Botanika chronika 10: 271--292. Weigend, M., M.
Gottsschling, F. Selvi, H. H. Hilger. 2009. Marbleseeds are
gromwells-systematics and evolution of Lithospermum and allies
(Boraginaceae, Tribe Lithospermeae) based on molecular and morphological
data. Mol. Phyl. Evol 52(3): 755--768.

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`The Table file.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/723140/articles/707983-a-new-species-of-onosma-l-subsect-asterotricha-boraginaceae-from-western-iran}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`The Figure file.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/723140/articles/707983-a-new-species-of-onosma-l-subsect-asterotricha-boraginaceae-from-western-iran}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

