Prodigiosin
Prodigiosin is a blood-red coloured molecule that has antimicrobial, chemotherapeutic and immunological suppressive properties through a variety of mechanisms, including decoupling H/Cl-transporters, regulating cell pH, and cleaving DNA in the presence of copper (Velmurugan et al., 2020). It is a red pigment identified fromSerratia, Pseudomonas  and Streptomyces that is a secondary metabolite alkaloid and it possesses a unique tripyrrole chemical structure. Prodigiosin is a non-diffusible red pigment produced by the enzymatic condensation of 2-methyl-3-amylpyrrole with 4-methoxy-2, 2-’-bipyrrole-5-carboxyaldehyde, resulting in the tripyrrole derivative 2-methyl-3-amyl-6methoxyprodigiosene (Ahmed et al., 2021). Prodigiosin is also soluble in chloroform, methanol, acetonitrile and DMSO; it is moderately soluble in alcohol and ether. S. marcescens is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to theEnterobacteriaceae family and is known for its capacity to produce red pigment prodigiosin (J. Zhao et al., 2019).
Prodigiosin was also toxigenic to chick embryos and demonstrated cytotoxic activity via oxidative DNA breakage, which was particularly effective against melanoma and liver cancer cells. Apoptosis was also triggered by Prodigiosin in human haematological cancer cell lines, such as acute T-cell leukaemia, promyelocytic leukaemia, myeloma, Burkitt lymphoma cells, and B-and T-cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Sakai-Kawada et al., 2019). Temperature influences prodigiosin formation in S. marcescens, with temperatures above 37°C significantly suppressing it. Traditional media for S. marcescensstrains’ production of prodigiosin are complex media with a wide range of nutrients. Certain nutrients, such as thiamine and ferric acid, are essential for prodigiosin formation, whereas phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and ribose hinder prodigiosin production. The textile business is one of the world’s fastest-growing industries. Using statistical models such as Response Surface Methodology and Plackett-Burman Design, it accounts for 14 percent of total industrial production in India and roughly 30 percent of total exports that have the potential to be used as a dye in the textile sector (Krishna et al., 2011). The pigment exhibits antifungal, antibacterial, algicidal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties, but its significance in the physiology of generating strains is unknown. The antimicrobial activity of purified Prodigiosin isolated from Serratia sp. PDGS120915 against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Poddar et al., 2021). Inhibition of the Wnt/-catenin signalling pathway and anticancer action in breast cancer cells, as well as reactivation of p53 family-dependent transcriptional activity in p53-deficient human colon cancer cells, are both possible effects of prodigiosin (J. Zhao et al., 2019).