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\begin{document}

\title{Biomechanical modeling of cancer - Agent-based force-based models of
solid tumours within the context of the tumour microenvironment}



\author[1]{Cicely Macnamara}%
\affil[1]{University of St Andrews}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Once cancer is initiated, with normal cells mutated into malignant ones,
a solid tumour grows, develops and spreads within its microenvironment
invading the local tissue; the disease progresses and the cancer cells
migrate around the body leading to metastasis, the formation of distant
secondary tumours. Interactions between the tumour and its
microenvironment drive this cascade of events which have devastating, if
not fatal, consequences for the human host/patient. Among these
interactions, biomechanical interactions are a vital component. In this
paper, key biomechanical relationships are discussed through a review of
modelling efforts by the mathematical and computational oncology
community. The main focus is directed, naturally, towards lattice-free
agent-based, force-based models of solid tumour growth and development.
In such models interactions between pairs of cancer cells (as well as
between cells and other structures of the tumour microenvironment) are
governed by forces. These forces are ones of repulsion and adhesion, and
are typically modelled via either an extended Hertz model of contact
mechanics or using Johnson-Kendal-Roberts theory, both of which are
discussed here. The role of the extracellular matrix in determining
disease progression is outlined along with important cell-vessel
interactions which combined together account for a great proportion of
Hanahan and Weinberg's ``Hallmarks of Cancer''.%
\end{abstract}%



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