Reference
1. Treggiari MM, Schutz N, Yanez ND, Romand JA. Role of intracranial
pressure values and patterns in predicting outcome in traumatic brain
injury: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2007;6(2):104-12.
2. Jagannatha AT, Sriganesh K, Devi BI, Rao GS. An equiosmolar study on
early intracranial physiology and long term outcome in severe traumatic
brain injury comparing mannitol and hypertonic saline. Journal of
clinical neuroscience. 2016;27:68‐73.
3. Major EH, O’Connor P, Mullan B. Single bolus 30% hypertonic saline
for refractory intracranial hypertension. Ir J Med Sci.
2015;184(1):159-65.
4. Huang XC, Yang LL. [Comparison clinical efficacy of 3% hypertonic
saline solution with 20% mannitol in treatment of intracranial
hypertension in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage].
Zhejiang da xue xue bao Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University
Medical sciences. 2015;44(4):389-95.
5. Sakellaridis N, Pavlou E, Karatzas S, Chroni D, Vlachos K,
Chatzopoulos K, et al. Comparison of mannitol and hypertonic saline in
the treatment of severe brain injuries. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(2):545-8.
6. Cottenceau V, Masson F, Mahamid E, Petit L, Shik V, Sztark F, et al.
Comparison of effects of equiosmolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic
saline on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in traumatic brain injury.
Journal of Neurotrauma. 2011;28(10):2003-12.
7. Francony G, Fauvage B, Falcon D, Canet C, Dilou H, Lavagne P, et al.
Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of
increased intracranial pressure. Critical Care Medicine.
2008;36(3):795-800.
8. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, et
al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury,
Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6-15.
9. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al.
The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in
randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.
10. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al.
Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane
database of systematic reviews. 2019;10:ED000142.
11. Bowden J, Tierney JF, Copas AJ, Burdett S. Quantifying, displaying
and accounting for heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of RCTs using
standard and generalised Q statistics. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:41.
12. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al.
AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include
randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or
both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.
13. Ichai C, Armando G, Orban JC, Berthier F, Rami L, Samat-Long C, et
al. Sodium lactate versus mannitol in the treatment of intracranial
hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients.
Intensive Care Medicine. 2009;35(3):471-9.
14. Battison C, Andrews PJD, Graham C, Petty T. Randomized, controlled
trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6%
dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury.
Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(1):196-202.
15. Huang X, Yang L, Ye J, He S, Wang B. Equimolar doses of hypertonic
agents (saline or mannitol) in the treatment of intracranial
hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. Medicine. 2020;99(38).
16. Patil H, Gupta R. A Comparative Study of Bolus Dose of Hypertonic
Saline, Mannitol, and Mannitol Plus Glycerol Combination in Patients
with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurgery.
2019;125:e221-e8.
17. Fink ME. Osmotherapy for intracranial hypertension: mannitol versus
hypertonic saline. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn). 2012;18(3):640-54.
18. Harutjunyan L, Holz C, Rieger A, Menzel M, Grond S, Soukup J.
Efficiency of 7.2% hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 versus
mannitol 15% in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in
neurosurgical patients - a randomized clinical trial. Critical care
(london, england). 2005;9(5):R530‐40.
19. Kamel H, Navi BB, Nakagawa K, Hemphill JC, 3rd, Ko NU. Hypertonic
saline versus mannitol for the treatment of elevated intracranial
pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Care Med.
2011;39(3):554-9.
20. Mortazavi MM, Romeo AK, Deep A, Griessenauer CJ, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS,
et al. Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure:
literature review with meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):210-21.
21. Li M, Chen T, Chen SD, Cai J, Hu YH. Comparison of equimolar doses
of mannitol and hypertonic saline for the treatment of elevated
intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2015;94(17):e736.
22. Gu JJ, Huang HP, Huang YJ, Sun HT, Xu HW. Hypertonic saline or
mannitol for treating elevated intracranial pressure in traumatic brain
injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurosurgical
review. 2019;42(2):499-509.
23. Burgess S, Abu-Laban RB, Slavik RS, Vu EN, Zed PJ. A Systematic
Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Hypertonic Sodium
Solutions and Mannitol for Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for
Emergency Department Management. The Annals of pharmacotherapy.
2016;50(4):291-300.
24. Berger-Pelleiter E, Emond M, Lauzier F, Shields JF, Turgeon AF.
Hypertonic saline in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cjem.
2016;18(2):112-20.
25. Rickard AC, Smith JE, Newell P, Bailey A, Kehoe A, Mann C. Salt or
sugar for your injured brain? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled
trials of mannitol versus hypertonic sodium solutions to manage raised
intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. Emergency Medicine
Journal. 2014;31(8):679-83.
26. Erdman MJ, Riha H, Bode L, Chang JJ, Jones GM. Predictors of Acute
Kidney Injury in Neurocritical Care Patients Receiving Continuous
Hypertonic Saline. The Neurohospitalist. 2017;7(1):9-14.
27. Palevsky PM, Bhagrath R, Greenberg A. Hypernatremia in hospitalized
patients. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(2):197-203.
28. Froelich M, Ni Q, Wess C, Ougorets I, Hartl R. Continuous hypertonic
saline therapy and the occurrence of complications in neurocritically
ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(4):1433-41.
29. Scalfani MT, Dhar R, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Diringer MN. Effect of
osmotic agents on regional cerebral blood flow in traumatic brain
injury. Journal of critical care. 2012;27(5):526.e7‐12.
30. Zhang W, Neal J, Lin L, Dai F, Hersey DP, McDonagh DL, et al.
Mannitol in Critical Care and Surgery Over 50+ Years: A Systematic
Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Complications With
Meta-Analysis. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2019;31(3):273-84.
31. Shackford SR, Bourguignon PR, Wald SL, Rogers FB, Osler TM, Clark
DE. Hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with head injury: a
prospective, randomized clinical trial. The Journal of trauma.
1998;44(1):50-8.
32. Roquilly A, Mahe PJ, Latte DD, Loutrel O, Champin P, Di Falco C, et
al. Continuous controlled-infusion of hypertonic saline solution in
traumatic brain-injured patients: a 9-year retrospective study. Crit
Care. 2011;15(5):R260.
33. Bulger EM. 7.5% saline and 7.5% saline/6% dextran for hypovolemic
shock. The Journal of trauma. 2011;70(5 Suppl):S27-9.
34. Rockswold GL, Solid CA, Paredes-Andrade E, Rockswold SB, Jancik JT,
Quickel RR. Hypertonic saline and its effect on intracranial pressure,
Cerebral perfusion pressure, and brain tissue oxygen. Neurosurgery.
2009;65(6):1035-41.
35. Eskandari R, Filtz MR, Davis GE, Hoesch RE. Effective treatment of
refractory intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury with
repeated boluses of 14.6% hypertonic saline Clinical article. Journal
of Neurosurgery. 2013;119(2):338-46.
36. Vialet R, Albanèse J, Thomachot L, Antonini F, Bourgouin A, Alliez
B, et al. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in
the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2
mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol.
Critical Care Medicine. 2003;31(6):1683-7.
37. Carter C, Human T. Efficacy, Safety, and Timing of 5% Sodium
Chloride Compared With 23.4% Sodium Chloride for Osmotic Therapy. The
Annals of pharmacotherapy. 2017;51(8):625-9.
38. Bourdeaux CP, Brown JM. Randomized controlled trial comparing the
effect of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate and 5% sodium chloride on raised
intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care.
2011;15(1):42-5.
39. Parizh D, Parizh I, Kuwata C, Glinik G, Kopatsis A. Traumatic Brain
Injury: Bolus Versus Continuous Infusion of 3% Hypertonic Saline.
International Surgery. 2016;101(7-8):361-6.
Table 1. Base characteristics of included studies.