DIET AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN PROSTATE CANCER
According to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), a high fruit and
vegetable intake serve to minimise cancer risk (World Cancer Research
Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2007). This suggestion was
based on the premise that most cancers would not be detectable until
years after the initial DNA damage has occurred, with diet and
metabolism as potential moderators (World Cancer Research Fund/American
Institute for Cancer Research 2007). The World Cancer Research
Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert panel concluded that
foods containing lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, and soy have the ability
to protect against cancer (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute
for Cancer Research 2007). The current findings from systematic studies
of randomised clinical trials examining the anti-neoplastic efficacy of
selenium, vitamin E, zinc, and betacarotenes, they concludes that there
is no definitive evidence to support the argument that these drugs deter
or reduce prostate cancer incidence.. Lycopene is a carotenoid present
in red-pigmented fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, strawberries,
and watermelon. Unlike other member of the carotenoid family,
like beta-carotene, lycopene has been shown to have good antioxidant and
pro-oxidant effects, which could be useful in shielding DNA from
oxidation and cancer-related mutationsSeveral mechanisms by which
lycopene can protect against cancer have been proposed. Lycopene is
thought to prevent cancer cells from propagating during the G0-G1 cell
cycle process. The association of androgen steroid hormones that promote
the biological activity of lycopene in reducing the expression of
5-alpha reductase-1 has been related to the inhibition of prostate
cancer cell development. Upregulation of tumour suppressor proteins and
enhanced gap-junctional intercellular connectivity through the
insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 pathway have also been proposed as
potential preventive mechanisms. Prostate cancer (PCa) occurrence varies
widely by region, owing to dietary variations. As previously reported
using animal models, nutrients such as fat, protein, carbohydrates,
vitamins (vitamin A, D, and E), and polyphenols can influence PCa
pathogenesis and progression; however, clinical trials have reported
mixed results for almost all nutrients. These nutrients’ effects can be
manifested through a variety of pathways, including inflammation,
antioxidant effects, and sex hormone action. PCa risk is also influenced
by dietary trends such as the Western and Prudent patterns. According to
recent research, the intestinal microbiota plays a role in tumorigenesis
in some organs. Dietary structure and way of life have a strong and
significant impact on gut bacteria. In human trials, the concentration
of unique gut bacteria increased in PCa patients. Although there are few
research on the topic, diet and nutrition can have an impact on PCa,
which may be regulated by the gut microbiota. A dietary pattern
intervention may help to avoid PCa. Thus, a dietary pattern-based
intervention may aid in the prevention of PCa.[9]