INTRODUCTION
The prostate gland is a walnut-sized gland situated behind the base of
the penis, in front of the rectum, and below the bladder, covering the
urethra; it is only found in males, as everybody knows. The prostate
gland’s primary function is to produce seminal fluid, a liquid found in
sperm that protects, supports, and transports sperm. When a cell divides
rapidly even after the signal for cell proliferation has been turned
off, a tumour or neoplasm is said to have emerged. Prostate Cancer is
what occurs when this happens to the prostate gland (PCa). Prostate
cancer is the second most widely diagnosed cancer in men worldwide,
after lung cancer, and it is also the leading cause of death in men.
While three well-established risk factors have been identified:
increasing age, race, and heredity, the factors that decide the risk of
developing clinical PCa remain unknown. Greater uptake of prostate
cancer screening and dietary intake have been suggested as possible
explanations for this geographic variation, but there is currently
insufficient evidence to back up these claims. Prostate cancer is
predominantly a condition that affects men over the age of
65.,[1] which now is the fifth most common cancer
when compared with others’ incidence. Recent studies show that 1 in 350
men under the age of 50 years will be diagnosed with prostate
cancer Frequent urination, sluggish or interrupted urine flow, the need
to struggle to empty the bladder, the need to urinate regularly at
night, blood in the urine, new onset of erectile dysfunction, pain or
burning during urination, which is much less normal, discomfort or pain
while sitting, caused by an enlarged prostate, and so on are some of the
symptoms and signs of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is caused by a
combination of factors, the most common of which are age and family
background. Familial prostate cancer is a form of prostate cancer that
runs in families and accounts for about 20% of all prostate cancers. A
combination of common genes and shared environmental or lifestyle
factors causes this form of prostate cancer to grow. The most dangerous
element is age, which has a direct proportionality. Prostate cancer risk
rises with age, particularly after the age of 50. Prostate cancer is
diagnosed in approximately 60% of men aged 65 and up. Diabetes
mellitus,[2] height, weight, and obesity,[3] smoking habit,
physical activity,[4] body mass index (BMI),[5] and vasectomy
are among the other factors. Routine examinations, such as a PSA test
every 3 to 6 months or a DRE at least once a year, or a prostate biopsy
within 6 to 12 months, followed by a biopsy every 2 to 5 years, can help
diagnose or prevent prostate cancer. PSA is the most widely used
diagnostic test of all of these since the correlation is well
established and accepted; that is, it rises with
age.[6]
Radical prostatectomy (robotic aided or laparoscopic), radiotherapy
(external beam or brachytherapy), androgen therapy, or active monitoring
or observation alone are all options for prostate cancer care. Erectile
dysfunction, urinary incontinence, blood loss, infection, and a
detrimental effect on quality of life through psychosocial aspects are
all common adverse events associated with these procedures (apart from
active surveillance). Because of the scarcity of randomised controlled
trials in this area, it is generally difficult to say that one treatment
is obviously superior to another.[7] Androgen
deprivation therapy (ADT), radiation therapy (RT), ablative therapies,
chemotherapy, and recently emerging immunotherapies are all nonsurgical
treatments for prostate cancer. Depending on the clinical situation,
these methods may be used individually or in
combination.[8]