DIET AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN PROSTATE CANCER
According to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), a high fruit and vegetable intake serve to minimise cancer risk (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2007). This suggestion was based on the premise that most cancers would not be detectable until years after the initial DNA damage has occurred, with diet and metabolism as potential moderators (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2007). The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert panel concluded that foods containing lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, and soy have the ability to protect against cancer (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2007). The current findings from systematic studies of randomised clinical trials examining the anti-neoplastic efficacy of selenium, vitamin E, zinc, and betacarotenes, they concludes that there is no definitive evidence to support the argument that these drugs deter or reduce prostate cancer incidence.. Lycopene is a carotenoid present in red-pigmented fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, strawberries, and watermelon. Unlike other member of the carotenoid family, like beta-carotene, lycopene has been shown to have good antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects, which could be useful in shielding DNA from oxidation and cancer-related mutationsSeveral mechanisms by which lycopene can protect against cancer have been proposed. Lycopene is thought to prevent cancer cells from propagating during the G0-G1 cell cycle process. The association of androgen steroid hormones that promote the biological activity of lycopene in reducing the expression of 5-alpha reductase-1 has been related to the inhibition of prostate cancer cell development. Upregulation of tumour suppressor proteins and enhanced gap-junctional intercellular connectivity through the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 pathway have also been proposed as potential preventive mechanisms. Prostate cancer (PCa) occurrence varies widely by region, owing to dietary variations. As previously reported using animal models, nutrients such as fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins (vitamin A, D, and E), and polyphenols can influence PCa pathogenesis and progression; however, clinical trials have reported mixed results for almost all nutrients. These nutrients’ effects can be manifested through a variety of pathways, including inflammation, antioxidant effects, and sex hormone action. PCa risk is also influenced by dietary trends such as the Western and Prudent patterns. According to recent research, the intestinal microbiota plays a role in tumorigenesis in some organs. Dietary structure and way of life have a strong and significant impact on gut bacteria. In human trials, the concentration of unique gut bacteria increased in PCa patients. Although there are few research on the topic, diet and nutrition can have an impact on PCa, which may be regulated by the gut microbiota. A dietary pattern intervention may help to avoid PCa. Thus, a dietary pattern-based intervention may aid in the prevention of PCa.[9]