Discussion
Despite the recognised influence that ongoing human driven changes on
nitrogen and ozone availability have on plant communities (Fowleret al. 2013; Mills et al. 2013; Guerreiro et al.2014), little is known about how such changes impact pollinators and the
services they provide to crop pollination, or how this interacts or is
moderated by other drivers of pollinator decline. Recent studies showed
that ozone pollution can impact directly and indirectly many fundamental
ecological processes with consequences on biodiversity and
sustainability of ecosystem services, such as pollination (Tai et
al. 2014; Fuhrer et al. 2016; Duque et al. 2020; Emberson
2020). Here, we highlighted that ozone is part of a complex interacting
system, mediating the strength of the effects pesticide exposure has on
crop pollinators and the contribution of these pollinators to crop
production. Below, we discuss in detail the potential mechanisms behind
the patterns detected and the implications of our findings for
conservation and management of crop pollination.