Study procedure
Data were collected between 03.08.2020 and 30.09.2020 with responses to
online survey questions. The security of the data was assigned to
SurveyMonkey enterprise. In our questionnaire, we asked subjective sleep
quality (poor, moderate, high), sleep time (<24:00 and
≥24:00), time to fall asleep (minutes), total sleep time (hours), and
medication use (sleeping pills). We also used Jenkins Sleep Scale
Turkish version (JSS-TR) to assess sleep quality and the Epworth
sleepiness scale (ESS) for increased daytime sleepiness.
JSS-TR questionnaire consists of four items that assess the sleep
problems over the preceding 4 weeks: (a) trouble falling asleep, (b)
trouble staying asleep, (c) wake up several times/night, and (d) wake up
feeling tired. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale (not at
all =0, 1–3 days=1, 4–7 days=2, 8–14 days=3, 15–21 days=4, 22–28
days=5). The total score is ranging from 0 to 20, showing more disturbed
sleep as it increases. Duruoz et al. tested the JSS-TR’s validity and
reliability for Turkey (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.86) (7,8).
The ESS consists of eight items, and it measures a participant’s
self-reported daytime sleepiness. The instrument focuses on the
expectation of “dozing” in a variety of situations. The probability
ratings in hypothetical situations are zero (0), slight (1), moderate
(2), or high (3). The ratings can be summarized to a total score of 24,
with a cutoff value of >10 indicating excessive daytime
sleepiness. Several studies have used the ESS and it is a well-validated
questionnaire. Izci et al. tested the ESS’s validity and reliability for
Turkey (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.86) (9,10).