Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Populations by PPI use
Regular PPI use Regular PPI use
No Yes
Number of participants* 425843 46530
Mean (SD) Age, years 56.5 (8.11) 59.9 (7.29)
Male 196435 (46.1%) 21058 (45.3%)
N (%) White 402225 (94.5%) 44250 (95.1%)
Mean (SD) Index of multiple deprivation 17.1 (13.9) 20.0 (15.8)
Smoking status
Current 44839 (10.5%) 5328 (11.5%)
Previous 141956 (33.3%) 19281 (41.4%)
Never 239048 (56.1%) 21921 (47.1%)
Alcohol consumption
Daily or almost daily 87605 (20.6%) 8213 (17.7%)
One to four times a week 210968 (49.5%) 19949 (42.9%)
One to three times a month 48492 (11.4%) 5471 (11.8%)
Special occasions only or never 78778 (18.5%) 12897 (27.7%)
Physical activity
Low 62645 (14.7%) 8625 (18.5%)
Moderate 140208 (32.9%) 13913 (29.9%)
High 140908 (33.1%) 12585 (27.0%)
Mean (SD) fruit and vegetable intake 4.62 (3.09) 4.61 (3.21)
Mean (SD) red and process meat intake (times/week) 2.81 (1.13) 2.88 (1.11)
Mean (SD) sleep time (hour) 8.13 (1.12) 8.09 (1.37)
BMI 27.2 (4.69) 29.2 (5.13)
Multivitamin use 62113 (14.6%) 8166 (17.5%)
Intake of mineral supplements 91120 (21.4%) 9561 (20.5%)
Mean (SD) systolic blood pressure (mm hg) 139 (19.7) 142 (19.1)
Hyperlipidemia 212875 (50.0%) 32352 (69.5%)
Diabetes 23088 (5.4%) 5404 (11.6%)
CVD 24027 (5.6%) 8832 (19.0%)
Esophagitis/barretts esophagus 2356 (0.6%) 4092 (8.8%)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 8938 (2.1%) 18720 (40.2%)
Peptic ulcer 4358 (1.0%) 5774 (12.4%)
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2217 (0.5%) 1397 (3.0%)
Overall health rating
Poor 13688 (3.2%) 6259 (13.5%)
Fair 80121 (18.8%) 16714 (35.9%)
Good 255332 (60.0%) 21292 (45.8%)
Excellent 76702 (18.0%) 2265 (4.9%)
Longstanding illness 117678 (27.6%) 27350 (58.8%)
Aspirin use 55564 (13.0%) 11398 (24.5%)
Non-aspirin NSAIDs use 69163 (16.2%) 8039 (17.3%)
Paracetamol use 89671 (21.1%) 15323 (32.9%)
ACEIs use 37531 (8.8%) 8250 (17.7%)
ARBs use 9872 (2.3%) 2712 (5.8%)
Beta-blockers use 23290 (5.5%) 6452 (13.9%)
Calcium channel blockers use 23416 (5.5%) 5406 (11.6%)
Thiazide diuretics use 23949 (5.6%) 4870 (10.5%)
Metformin use 10747 (2.5%) 2711 (5.8%)
Statin use 60405 (14.2%) 15226 (32.7%)
H2RAs use 7669 (1.8%) 2098 (4.5%)
Anticoagulants/antiplatelets use 6063 (1.4%) 2412 (5.2%)