Covariates
Covariate information were obtained from touchscreen questionnaire and
verbal interview at baseline. Sociodemographic factors (age, sex,
ethnicity), lifestyle habits (smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep
time, and dietary intake), multivitamin and mineral supplements intake,
and general health (overall health rating and longstanding illness) were
self-reported. Index of multiple deprivation based on postcode of
residence was determined as a composite measure of socioeconomic status.
Blood pressure was measured by research staff. Current concomitant
comorbidities (hyperlipidemia,
diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
esophagitis/Barrettsesophagus,
GERD,
peptic ulcer, upper gastrointestinal bleeding) were assessed using the
same way to assess CKD. Other medication use, including aspirin,
non-NSAIDs, acetaminophen, angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors[ACEIs], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs],
beta-blockers, calcium channel
blockers, thiazide diuretics, statin, metformin, histamine-2 receptor
antagonists [H2RAs], and anticoagulants/ antiplateletsĀ drugs, were
assessed using the same way to assess PPI use. Height and weight were
measured by trained research staff and used to calculate body mass index
(BMI).