† Multivariable adjusted model 1: additionally adjusted for ethnicity (white, or other), socioeconomic status (index of multiple deprivation, fifth),smoking status (never smoker, previous smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (daily or almost daily, one to four times a week, one to three times a month, special occasions only or never), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), fruit and vegetable intake (≥5 portions or <5 portions), red and process meat intake (<twice/week, 2.0-2.9 twice/week, 3.0-3.9 twice/week, >4.0 twice/week ), BMI, sleep time (<8 hours, 8 hours, 8 to 9 hours,>9 hours),  multivitamin use (yes or no), mineral supplements intake (yes or no),   overall health rating (poor, fair, good, excellent) and longstanding illness (yes, no), hyperlipidemia (yes or no), systolic blood pressure, diabetes (yes or no), CVD (yes or no), and medications use, including aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, acetaminophen, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, statin, metformin.
‡Multivariable adjusted model 3: additionally adjusted for clinical PPI use indication, including esophagitis/Barretts esophagus, GERD, peptic ulcer, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, H2RA use and Anticoagulants/antiplatelets use.