Assessment of Outcome
Incident CKD was identified based on medical history and linkage to data
on primary care and hospital admissions. We used the chronic renal
failure (synonym of CKD) variables provided by UK Biobank, which
integrated information from these different data sources (including
primary care, hospital admissions, self-report and death register).
Details of the algorithms used to identify CKD could be found on the UK
Biobank website (www.ukbiobank.ac.uk ). Participants with
prevalent of any type of renal failure were excluded at baseline. At the
time of analysis, complete follow-up was available up to 31 October 2017
for England and Wales and 31 October 2016 for Scotland.