Study and participants
UK Biobank is a well-characterized prospective cohort study of 500,000 individuals aged 40–69 years who were recruited from 21 assessment centers across U.K.. In 2006-2010, eligible participants were invited to visit the closest assessment center to complete the baseline assessment, including a touchscreen questionnaire, physical measures and biological samples collection. Further details about the UK Biobank cohort have been published elsewhere.22The UK Biobank study have been approved by the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, the England and Wales Patient Information Advisory Group, and the Scottish Community Health Index Advisory Group. All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. In the present study, we excluded participants who subsequently withdrew from the study (n=1298), those with cancers diagnosis (n=26 820) and renal failure diagnosis (n=2036) prior to baseline, leaving a total of 472,373 participants included in final analysis.