Figure 4. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).(A) Hypothesis of the arginase in the TAM inducing the activation of
HSCs to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which
further aggravating the immune evasion. (B) Proline production by RAW
264.7 (Inactivated), M1 macrophage, M2 macrophage, and M2 macrophage
incubated with BEC. (C) Measurement of proline secreted by M2 macrophage
incubated with BEC for incremental time. (D) LX-2 cells, a HSCs cell
line were incubated with DMEM (Control), DMEM from M2 macrophage, DMEM
with 10 μg/mL proline, DMEM with 10 μg/mL aspartate, and 10 μg/mL
cysteine, respectively. Then, the FAP in LX-2, a marker of CAFs, were
imaged using 10 μM/mL Cy-FAP. (E) Fluorescence intensity output of
Figure 4D. The data are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 3. Scale bar= 25 µm.