2.2 Participants
All women who birthed at a metropolitan tertiary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia between 1st September 2021 and 31st October 2022 who met the inclusion criteria were eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were: a live singleton fetus in a cephalic presentation; planned vaginal birth; and admitted for labour and birth care between 37+0 weeks and 42+0 weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria were: IV fluid data or estimated maternal blood loss documentation insufficient and/or missing. Participants received routine care including the intake of oral fluids and the administration of 10 units oxytocin intramuscularly at birth to prevent PPH, with a second dose if greater than expected blood loss or uterine atony were observed.