Haplotype Analysis
A total of 17 haplotypes (27bp) (Supplementary Table S7 ) were obtained based on six domains of matR markers (Figure 6A ). The haplotype distribution of 35 populations showed their haplotype genetic background (Figure 1 ), and the genetic association of all haplotypes was shown in the TCS network (Figure 6B ). Hap-1 showed the most conservatism and occupies a dominant position in all populations, suggesting hap-1 was the ancestral (dominant) haplotype, followed by hap-2, which exists in most populations (10/35). Almost all other haplotypes (13/17) were private haplotypes owned by a single population. There was no special pattern of haplotype distribution in the five groups, and the distribution patterns of haplotypes in different populations provide limited available information for plantation tracing (Figures 1&6B , Supplementary Table S7 ).
A total of 68 haplotypes (34bp) (Supplementary Table S8 ) were obtained based on six domains of the nad5-1 marker (Figure 6C ). The different haplotype genetic backgrounds of 38 populations (Figure 2 ) and the complex genetic relationships among 68 haplotypes (Figure 6D ) indicate the nad5-1 marker with a high degree of variation. Hap-4, hap-6, and hap-11 exist in almost all populations, especially hap-4, suggesting hap-4 was the ancestral (dominant) haplotype, followed by hap-7、hap-3、hap-13, which exist in most populations. Almost all other haplotypes (40/68) were private haplotypes owned by a single population, and the relationship between 68 haplotypes showed a complicated network. There was a special pattern of haplotype distribution in five groups, hap-4 and hap-11 were the dominant haplotypes of SX*, HB*, and HB groups. The LN*, and LN groups were dominated by Hap-7 and Hap-4. The diverse and regular haplotype distribution structures of 38 populations provide a lot of valuable information for the germplasm traceability of plantation forests (Figures 2&6D , Supplementary Table S8 ).