Figure 5. The effects of vortioxetine (VOR) and duloxetine (DLX) treatment on oxidative stress parameters in knee tissue of male (A) and female (B) rats with monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis. Knee tissue was isolated 28 days after MIA/saline injection and levels of total pro-oxidant status (TOS), superoxide anion radical (O2•-), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. VOR/DLX was administered orally once daily for 28 days after MIA injection. Statistical significance was determined in comparison with the saline control group (#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01,###P < 0.001) or the MIA control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,***P < 0.001) using the Mann-Whitney U test. The data are presented as boxplots (median and minimum to maximum).