Figure 1. Schematic representation of the experimental protocol of behavioural and ex vivo analysis in the model of osteoarthritis induced with monoiodoacetate (MIA). Osteoarthritis was induced by a single intra-articular injection of MIA (2 mg/25 µL) into the right knee of male and female rats on day 0. Vortioxetine (VOR) and duloxetine (DLX) were administered orally once daily for 28 days, starting on the day of MIA injection (day 0) and ending on day 27. Behavioural tests (weight-bearing, WB, von Frey, and rotarod) were performed several times on the days indicated in the figure. Following the last behavioural test on day 28, the animals were sacrificed, and the knee tissue, ipsilateral L3-L5 dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord were harvested for quantitative real-time PCR analysis and redox status analysis.