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\begin{document}

\title{Chlorophyll production in the Amundsen Sea boosts heat flux to
atmosphere and weakens heat flux to ice shelves}



\author[1]{Andrew G Twelves}%
\author[2]{Daniel N Goldberg}%
\author[3]{Paul Richard Holland}%
\author[2]{Sian Frances Henley}%
\author[4]{Matthew R. Mazloff}%
\author[5]{Dani C Jones}%
\affil[1]{Finnish Meteorological Institute}%
\affil[2]{University of Edinburgh}%
\affil[3]{British Antarctic Survey}%
\affil[4]{UCSD}%
\affil[5]{Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research}%


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  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica features rapidly thinning ice
shelves and large, seasonally recurring polynyas. Within these polynyas,
sizable spring phytoplankton blooms occur. Although considerable effort
has gone into characterising heat fluxes between the Amundsen Sea, its
associated ice shelves, and the overlying atmosphere, the effect of the
phytoplankton blooms on the distribution of heat remains poorly
understood. In this modelling study, we implement a feedback from
biogeochemistry onto physics into MITgcm-BLING and use it to show, for
the first time, that high levels of chlorophyll -- concentrated in the
Amundsen Sea Polynya and the Pine Island Polynya -- accelerate
springtime surface warming in polynyas through enhanced absorption of
solar radiation. The warm midsummer anomaly (on average between +0.2\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C
and +0.3C°) at the surface is quickly dissipated to the atmosphere, by
small increases in latent and longwave heat loss as well as a
substantial (17.5\%) increase in sensible heat loss from open water
areas. The summertime warm anomaly also reduces the summertime sea ice
volume, and stimulates enhanced seasonal melting near the fronts of ice
shelves. However larger effects derive from the accompanying cold
anomaly, caused by shading of deeper waters, which persists throughout
the year and affects a decrease in the volume of Circumpolar Deep Water
on the continental shelf. This cooling ultimately leads to an increase
in wintertime sea ice volume, and reduces basal melting of Amundsen Sea
ice shelves by approximately 7\% relative to the model scenario with no
phytoplankton bloom.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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