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\begin{document}

\title{Deep-learning phase-onset picker for deep Earth seismology: PKIKP waves}



\author[1]{Jiarun Zhou}%
\author[1]{Thanh-Son Pham}%
\author[1]{Hrvoje Tkalčić}%
\affil[1]{Australian National University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Body waves traversing the Earth's interior from a seismic source to
receivers on the surface carry rich information about its internal
structures. Their travel time measurements have been widely used in
seismology to constrain Earth's interior at the global scale by mapping
the time anomaly along their ray paths. However, picking the travel time
of global seismic waves, suitable for studying Earth's fine-scale
structures, requires highly skilled personnel and is often fairly
subjective. Here, we report the development of an automatic picker for
PKIKP waves, traversing the Earth nearly along its diameters and through
the inner core, based on the latest advances in supervised deep
learning. A convolutional neural network (CNN) we developed
automatically determines the PKIKP onset on vertical seismograms near
its theoretical prediction of cataloged earthquakes. As high-quality
manual onset picks of global seismic phases are limited, we employed a
scheme to generate a synthetic supervised training dataset containing
300,000 waveforms. The PKIKP onsets picked by our trained CNN automatic
picker exhibit a mean absolute error of \textasciitilde{}0.5 s compared
to 1,503 manual picks, comparable to the estimated human-picking error.
In an integration test, the CNN automatic picks obtained from an
extended waveform dataset yield a cylindrically anisotropic inner core
model that agrees well with the models inferred from manual picks, which
illustrates the success of this pilot model. This is a significant step
closer to harvesting an unprecedented volume of travel time measurements
for studying the inner core or other regions of the Earth's deep
interior.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`PKIKP_CNN_Picker_final.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/772236/articles/857058-deep-learning-phase-onset-picker-for-deep-earth-seismology-pkikp-waves}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Supplementary Information.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/772236/articles/857058-deep-learning-phase-onset-picker-for-deep-earth-seismology-pkikp-waves}

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